{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T22:24:05Z","timestamp":1774563845757,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693094400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc. Netw. Anal. Min."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-023-01103-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T03:14:35Z","timestamp":1693106075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Political mud slandering and power dynamics during Indian assembly elections"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Masud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanmoy","family":"Charaborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1103_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Awal MR, Cao R, Lee RK, Mitrovic S (2021) AngryBERT: joint learning target and emotion for hate speech detection. In: Karlapalem K, Cheng H, Ramakrishnan N, Agrawal RK, Reddy PK, Srivastava J, et al, (eds) Advances in knowledge discovery and data mining\u201425th Pacific-Asia conference, PAKDD 2021, Virtual Event, May 11\u201314, 2021, proceedings, Part I. vol 12712 of Lecture notes in computer science. Springer. pp 701\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-75762-5_55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-75762-5_55"},{"key":"1103_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borah A, Singh SR (2022 Jul) Investigating political polarization in India through the lens of Twitter. Soc Netw Anal Mining. 12(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13278-022-00939-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-022-00939-z"},{"key":"1103_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao R, Lee RK, Hoang T (2021) DeepHate: hate speech detection via multi-faceted text representations. CoRR. arXiv:2103.11799","DOI":"10.1145\/3394231.3397890"},{"key":"1103_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chakraborty T, Masud S (2022) Nipping in the bud: detection, diffusion and mitigation of hate speech on social media. SIGWEB Newsl 2022(Winter ):3:1\u20133:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3522598.3522601","DOI":"10.1145\/3522598.3522601"},{"issue":"2","key":"1103_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2020.103411","volume":"58","author":"TKH Chan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan TKH, Cheung CMK, Lee ZWY (2021) Cyberbullying on social networking sites: a literature review and future research directions. Inf Manag 58(2):103411","journal-title":"Inf Manag"},{"key":"1103_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson T, Warmsley D, Macy M, Weber I (2017) Automated hate speech detection and the problem of offensive language. In: ICWSM, pp 512\u2013515","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14955"},{"key":"1103_CR7","unstructured":"Devlin J, Chang MW, Lee K, Toutanova K (2019) BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: NAACL, pp 4171\u20134186"},{"key":"1103_CR8","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Ben\u00edtez-D\u2019\u00c1vila H (2022) Populism and polarization in the digital arena: categorizing and measuring political attacks on Twitter"},{"key":"1103_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harriss J (2015) Hindu Nationalism in Action: The Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian Politics. South Asia: J South Asian Stud 38(4):712\u2013718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00856401.2015.1089826","DOI":"10.1080\/00856401.2015.1089826"},{"key":"1103_CR10","unstructured":"Jafri FA, Siddiqui MA, Thapa S, Rauniyar K, Naseem U, Razzak I (2023) Uncovering the dynamics of political hate speech during Indian Election Campaign: a new low-resource dataset and baselines. In: Workshop proceedings of the 17th ICWSM"},{"key":"1103_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakesch M, Garimella K, Eckles D, Naaman M (2021) Trend alert: a cross-platform organization manipulated Twitter Trends in the Indian General election. Proc ACM Hum-Comput Interact. 5","DOI":"10.1145\/3479523"},{"key":"1103_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakwani D, Kunchukuttan A, Golla S, N\u00a0C G, Bhattacharyya A, Khapra MM, et\u00a0al (2020) IndicNLPSuite: monolingual corpora, evaluation benchmarks and pre-trained multilingual language models for Indian languages. In: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020. Online: Association for Computational Linguistics, pp 4948\u20134961. Available from: https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2020.findings-emnlp.445","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.445"},{"key":"1103_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2013.852642","volume":"31","author":"NP Kalmoe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kalmoe NP (2014) Fueling the fire: violent metaphors, trait aggression, and support for political violence. Polit Commun 31:545\u201363","journal-title":"Polit Commun"},{"key":"1103_CR14","unstructured":"Kumar K (2022) Changing political landscape in state assembly elections of Uttar Pradesh. J Positive School Psychol, 7752\u20137762"},{"key":"1103_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masud S, Bedi M, Khan MA, Akhtar MS, Chakraborty T (2022) Proactively reducing the hate intensity of online posts via hate speech normalization. In: Proceedings of the 28th ACM SIGKDD conference on knowledge discovery and data mining. KDD \u201922. Association for Computing Machinery: New York. pp 3524\u20133534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3534678.3539161","DOI":"10.1145\/3534678.3539161"},{"key":"1103_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masud S, Dutta S, Makkar S, Jain C, Goyal V, Das A, et\u00a0al. (2021) Hate is the New Infodemic: a topic-aware modeling of hate speech diffusion on Twitter. In: 37th IEEE International conference on data engineering, ICDE 2021, Chania, Greece, April 19\u201322, 2021. IEEE. pp 504\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDE51399.2021.00050","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE51399.2021.00050"},{"key":"1103_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nellis G (2023) Election cycles and global religious intolerance. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120(1):e2213198120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2213198120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2213198120"},{"issue":"3","key":"1103_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/1532673X211055676","volume":"50","author":"V Petkevic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petkevic V, Nai A (2022) Political attacks in 280 characters or less: a new tool for the automated classification of campaign negativity on social media. Am Polit Res 50(3):279\u2013302","journal-title":"Am Polit Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1103_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1080\/03050629.2020.1739033","volume":"46","author":"JA Piazza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piazza JA (2020) Politician hate speech and domestic terrorism. Int Interactions 46(3):431\u201353","journal-title":"Int Interactions"},{"issue":"1","key":"1103_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205316801881622","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168018816228","volume":"6","author":"L Rheault","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rheault L, Rayment E, Musulan A (2019) Politicians in the line of fire: incivility and the treatment of women on social media. Res Polit 6(1):2053168018816228","journal-title":"Res Polit"},{"key":"1103_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt A, Wiegand M (2017) A survey on hate speech detection using natural language processing. In: Proceedings of the fifth international workshop on natural language processing for social media, pp 1\u201310","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-1101"},{"key":"1103_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siddarth D, Shankar R, Pal J (2021) We do politics so we can change politics\u2019: communication strategies and practices in the Aam Aadmi Party\u2019s institutionalization process. Inf Commun Soc 24(10):1361\u20131381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1856910","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1856910"},{"key":"1103_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh AK, Jain J, Kameswari L, Kumaraguru P, Pal J (2022) Note: urbanization and literacy as factors in politicians\u2019 social media use in a largely rural state: evidence from Uttar Pradesh, India. In: ACM COMPASS, pp 564\u2013568","DOI":"10.1145\/3530190.3534845"},{"key":"1103_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Solovev K, Pr\u00f6llochs N (2022) Hate Speech in the political discourse on social media: disparities across parties, gender, and ethnicity. In: Proceedings of the ACM web conference 2022. WWW \u201922. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, pp 3656\u20133661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3485447.3512261","DOI":"10.1145\/3485447.3512261"},{"key":"1103_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Turbic NGB, Galesic M (2023) Group threat, political extremity, and collective dynamics in online discussions. Sci Rep. 13(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-28569-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28569-1"},{"key":"1103_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Waller I, Anderson A (2021) Quantifying social organization and political polarization in online platforms. Nature. 600(7888):264\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-04167-x","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04167-x"},{"key":"1103_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waseem Z, Davidson T, Warmsley D, Weber I (2017) Understanding abuse: a typology of abusive language detection subtasks. In: Proceedings of the first workshop on abusive language online, pp 78\u201384","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-3012"},{"key":"1103_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahrah F, Nurse JRC, Goldsmith M (2022) A comparison of online hate on Reddit and 4chan: a case study of the 2020 US Election. In: ACM SIGAPP. pp 1797\u20131800","DOI":"10.1145\/3477314.3507226"},{"issue":"1","key":"1103_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-081919-050239","volume":"12","author":"E Zhuravskaya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhuravskaya E, Petrova M, Enikolopov R (2020) Political effects of the internet and social media. Annu Rev Econ 12(1):415\u201338","journal-title":"Annu Rev Econ"}],"container-title":["Social Network Analysis and Mining"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13278-023-01103-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13278-023-01103-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13278-023-01103-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T21:03:29Z","timestamp":1702587809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13278-023-01103-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13278-023-01103-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-5469"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-5469","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interest. The authors are not affiliated with any political group.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"108"}}