{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T16:48:18Z","timestamp":1783183698329,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc. Netw. Anal. Min."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-024-01260-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T08:02:01Z","timestamp":1716192121000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Public attitudes toward chatgpt on twitter: sentiments, topics, and occupations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ratanond","family":"Koonchanok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeju","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1260_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdullah M, Madain A, Jararweh Y Chatgpt: Fundamentals, applications and social impacts. In: 2022 9th international conference on social networks analysis, management and security (SNAMS), pp. 1\u20138 (2022). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/SNAMS58071.2022.10062688"},{"issue":"6","key":"1260_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-021-00359-2","volume":"3","author":"A Abid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abid A, Farooqi M (2021) Zou J Large language models associate muslims with violence. Nature Mach Intell 3(6):461\u2013463","journal-title":"Nature Mach Intell"},{"key":"1260_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-00191-1","volume":"613","author":"A Anon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anon A (2023) Tools such as chatgpt threaten transparent science; here are our ground rules for their use. Nature 613:612","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1260_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbieri F, Camacho-Collados J, Neves L, Espinosa-Anke L Tweeteval: unified benchmark and comparative evaluation for tweet classification. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.12421 (2020)","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.148"},{"key":"1260_CR5","unstructured":"Barbieri F, Anke L.E, Camacho-Collados J Xlm-t: Multilingual language models in twitter for sentiment analysis and beyond. In: proceedings of the thirteenth language resources and evaluation conference, pp. 258\u2013266 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2104.12250"},{"issue":"7","key":"1260_CR6","first-page":"1586","volume":"6","author":"P Bii","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bii P, Too J, Mukwa C (2018) Teacher attitude towards use of chatbots in routine teaching. Univ J Educat Res 6(7):1586\u20131597","journal-title":"Univ J Educat Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1260_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03172-7","volume":"51","author":"SS Biswas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Biswas SS (2023) Role of chat gpt in public health. Ann Biomed Eng 51(5):868","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1260_CR8","first-page":"993","volume":"3","author":"DM Blei","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blei DM, Ng AY, Jordan MI (2003) Latent dirichlet allocation. J Mach Learn Res 3:993\u20131022","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"1260_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borji A (2023) A categorical archive of chatgpt failures. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.03494","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2895792\/v1"},{"key":"1260_CR10","unstructured":"Broder A.Z On the resemblance and containment of documents. In: proceedings compression and complexity of SEQUENCES 1997 (Cat. No. 97TB100171), pp. 21\u201329 (1997). IEEE"},{"key":"1260_CR11","unstructured":"Buchanan B, Lohn A, Musser M (2021) Truth, Lies, and automation: how language models could change disinformation. Center for Security and Emerging Technology"},{"key":"1260_CR12","unstructured":"Chen M, Tworek J, Jun H, Yuan Q, Pinto H.P.d.O, Kaplan J, Edwards H, Burda Y, Joseph N, Brockman G, et al.: Evaluating large language models trained on code. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.03374 (2021)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1260_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1108\/JPBM-05-2020-2907","volume":"31","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng Y (2022) Jiang H Customer-brand relationship in the era of artificial intelligence: understanding the role of chatbot marketing efforts. J Prod Brand Manag 31(2):252\u2013264","journal-title":"J Prod Brand Manag"},{"key":"1260_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi JH, Hickman KE, Monahan A, Schwarcz D (2023) Chatgpt goes to law school. Available at SSRN","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4335905"},{"key":"1260_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166014","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1166014","volume":"6","author":"JC Chow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chow JC, Sanders L, Li K (2023) Impact of chatgpt on medical chatbots as a disruptive technology. Front Artif Intell 6:1166014","journal-title":"Front Artif Intell"},{"key":"1260_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s43039-021-00020-1","volume":"2021","author":"LM Cosmo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cosmo LM, Piper L, Di Vittorio A (2021) The role of attitude toward chatbots and privacy concern on the relationship between attitude toward mobile advertising and behavioral intent to use chatbots. Italian J Market 2021:83\u2013102","journal-title":"Italian J Market"},{"key":"1260_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206936","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1206936","volume":"8","author":"J Dempere","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dempere J, Modugu KP, Hesham A, Ramasamy L, Dempere J, Modugu K, Hesham A, Ramasamy LK (2023) The impact of chatgpt on higher education The impact of ChatGPT on higher education. Front Educ 8:1206936","journal-title":"Front Educ"},{"key":"1260_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642","volume":"71","author":"YK Dwivedi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dwivedi YK, Kshetri N, Hughes L, Slade EL, Jeyaraj A, Kar AK, Baabdullah AM, Koohang A, Raghavan V, Ahuja M et al (2023) \u201cso what if chatgpt wrote it?\u2019\u2019 multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational ai for research, practice and policy. Int J Inform Manag 71:102642","journal-title":"Int J Inform Manag"},{"key":"1260_CR19","volume":"14","author":"G Fatouros","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fatouros G, Soldatos J, Kouroumali K, Makridis G, Kyriazis D (2023) Transforming sentiment analysis in the financial domain with chatgpt. Mach Learn Appl 14:100508","journal-title":"Mach Learn Appl"},{"issue":"3","key":"1260_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/136698798377141","volume":"1","author":"LJ Frewer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Frewer LJ, Howard C, Shepherd R (1998) Understanding public attitudes to technology. J Risk Res 1(3):221\u2013235","journal-title":"J Risk Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1260_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NEP.0000000000001129","volume":"44","author":"KH Frith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Frith KH (2023) Chatgpt: disruptive educational technology. Nursing Edu Perspect 44(3):198\u2013199","journal-title":"Nursing Edu Perspect"},{"key":"1260_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F\u00fctterer T, Fischer C, Alekseeva A, Chen X, Tate T, Warschauer M, Gerjets P (2023) Chatgpt in education: Global reactions to ai innovations","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2840105\/v1"},{"key":"1260_CR23","unstructured":"Grootendorst M Bertopic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based tf-idf procedure. arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.05794 (2022)"},{"key":"1260_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han S, Schoelkopf H, Zhao Y, Qi Z, Riddell M, Benson L, Sun L, Zubova E, Qiao Y, Burtell M, et\u00a0al. Folio: natural language reasoning with first-order logic. arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.00840 (2022) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2209.00840","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2209.00840"},{"key":"1260_CR25","unstructured":"Haque M.U, Dharmadasa I, Sworna Z.T, Rajapakse R.N, Ahmad H \u201ci think this is the most disruptive technology\u201d: Exploring sentiments of chatgpt early adopters using twitter data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.05856 (2022)"},{"key":"1260_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutto C, Gilbert E Vader: A parsimonious rule-based model for sentiment analysis of social media text. In: proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media, vol. 8, pp. 216\u2013225 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/icwsm.v8i1.14550","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v8i1.14550"},{"key":"1260_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakesch M, Bhat A, Buschek D, Zalmanson L, Naaman M (2023) Co-writing with opinionated language models affects users\u2019 views. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.00560","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581196"},{"key":"1260_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.101861","volume":"99","author":"J Koco\u0144","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koco\u0144 J, Cichecki I, Kaszyca O, Kochanek M, Szyd\u0142o D, Baran J, Bielaniewicz J, Gruza M, Janz A, Kanclerz K et al (2023) Chatgpt: jack of all trades, master of none. Inform Fus 99:101861","journal-title":"Inform Fus"},{"issue":"2","key":"1260_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.52866\/ijcsm.2023.02.02.018","volume":"4","author":"A Korkmaz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Korkmaz A, Akt\u00fcrk C (2023) TALAN T Analyzing the user\u2019s sentiments of chatgpt using twitter data. Iraqi J Comput Sci Math 4(2):202\u2013214","journal-title":"Iraqi J Comput Sci Math"},{"key":"1260_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kung T.H, Cheatham M, ChatGPT, Medenilla A, Sillos C, De\u00a0Leon L, Elepa\u00f1o C, Madriaga M, Aggabao R, Diaz-Candido G, Maningo J, Tseng V Performance of chatgpt on usmle: Potential for ai-assisted medical education using large language models. medRxiv (2022) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.12.19.22283643","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.12.19.22283643"},{"key":"1260_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee M, Liang P, Yang Q Coauthor: Designing a human-ai collaborative writing dataset for exploring language model capabilities. In: proceedings of the 2022 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp. 1\u201319 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3491102.3502030","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3502030"},{"key":"1260_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leiter C, Zhang R, Chen Y, Belouadi J, Larionov D, Fresen V, Eger S Chatgpt: A meta-analysis after 2.5 months. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.13795 (2023)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mlwa.2024.100541"},{"issue":"6624","key":"1260_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq1158","volume":"378","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Choi D, Chung J, Kushman N, Schrittwieser J, Leblond R, Eccles T, Keeling J, Gimeno F, Dal Lago A et al (2022) Competition-level code generation with alphacode. Science 378(6624):1092\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abq1158","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1260_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li L, Ma Z, Fan L, Lee S, Yu H, Hemphill L Chatgpt in education: A discourse analysis of worries and concerns on social media. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.02201 (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12256-9"},{"key":"1260_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin S, Hilton J, Evans O (2021) Truthfulqa: Measuring how models mimic human falsehoods. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.07958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2109.07958","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2109.07958"},{"key":"1260_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin S, Hilton J, Evans O Teaching models to express their uncertainty in words. arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.14334 (2022) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2205.14334","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2205.14334"},{"key":"1260_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loureiro D, Barbieri F, Neves L, Anke LE, Camacho-Collados J (2022) Timelms: Diachronic language models from twitter. arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.03829","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-demo.25"},{"issue":"3","key":"1260_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","volume":"22","author":"ML McHugh","year":"2012","unstructured":"McHugh ML (2012) Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Bioch Med 22(3):276\u2013282","journal-title":"Bioch Med"},{"key":"1260_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirowski P, Mathewson K.W, Pittman J, Evans R Co-writing screenplays and theatre scripts with language models: an evaluation by industry professionals. arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.14958 (2022)","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581225"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-023-00613-9","volume":"5","author":"Nature Machine Intelligence","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nature Machine Intelligence (2023) The ai writing on the wall. Nature Mach Intell 5(1):1\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-023-00613-9","journal-title":"Nature Mach Intell"},{"key":"1260_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103476","volume":"135","author":"OD Okey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Okey OD, Udo EU, Rosa RL, Rodr\u00edguez DZ, Kleinschmidt JH (2023) Investigating chatgpt and cybersecurity: a perspective on topic modeling and sentiment analysis. Comput Sec 135:103476","journal-title":"Comput Sec"},{"key":"1260_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor S, ChatGPT: Open artificial intelligence platforms in nursing education: tools for academic progress or abuse? nurse education in practice 66, 103537\u2013103537 (2022) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nepr.2022.103537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2022.103537"},{"key":"1260_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Praveen S, Vajrobol V Understanding the perceptions of healthcare researchers regarding chatgpt: a study based on bidirectional encoder representation from transformers (bert) sentiment analysis and topic modeling. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 1\u20133 (2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03222-0"},{"key":"1260_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoufan A Exploring students\u2019 perceptions of chatgpt: Thematic analysis and follow-up survey. IEEE Access (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3268224"},{"key":"1260_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taecharungroj V \u201cwhat can chatgpt do?\u201d analyzing early reactions to the innovative ai chatbot on twitter. Big Data and Cognitive Computing 7(1), 35 (2023)","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc7010035"},{"issue":"6630","key":"1260_CR46","first-page":"313","volume":"379","author":"HH Thorp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thorp HH (2023) ChatGPT is fun, but not an author. Am Assoc Adv Sci 379(6630):313","journal-title":"Am Assoc Adv Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1260_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-023-00237-x","volume":"10","author":"A Tlili","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tlili A, Shehata B, Adarkwah MA, Bozkurt A, Hickey DT, Huang R, Agyemang B (2023) What if the devil is my guardian angel: chatgpt as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learn Environ 10(1):15","journal-title":"Smart Learn Environ"},{"key":"1260_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tounsi A, Elkefi S, Bhar S.L Exploring the reactions of early users of chatgpt to the tool using twitter data: Sentiment and topic analyses. In: 2023 IEEE international conference on advanced systems and emergent technologies (IC_ASET), pp. 1\u20136 (2023). IEEE. https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/10150870","DOI":"10.1109\/IC_ASET58101.2023.10150870"},{"key":"1260_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Transformer C.G.P.-t, Zhavoronkov A rapamycin in the context of pascal\u2019s wager: generative pre-trained transformer perspective. Oncoscience 9, 82 (2022) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncoscience.571","DOI":"10.18632\/oncoscience.571"},{"key":"1260_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tubishat M, Al-Obeidat F, Shuhaiber A Sentiment analysis of using chatgpt in education. In: 2023 international conference on smart applications, communications and networking (SmartNets), pp. 1\u20137 (2023). IEEE. https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/10215977","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartNets58706.2023.10215977"},{"key":"1260_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weidinger L, Mellor J, Rauh M, Griffin C, Uesato J, Huang P.-S, Cheng M, Glaese M, Balle B, Kasirzadeh A, et\u00a0al (2021) Ethical and social risks of harm from language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.04359https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2112.04359","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2112.04359"},{"key":"1260_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou K, Jurafsky D, Hashimoto T Navigating the grey area: Expressions of overconfidence and uncertainty in language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.13439 (2023) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2302.13439","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2302.13439"},{"key":"1260_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhuo T.Y, Huang Y, Chen C, Xing Z Exploring ai ethics of chatgpt: a diagnostic analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.12867 (2023) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2301.12867","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2301.12867"}],"container-title":["Social Network Analysis and Mining"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13278-024-01260-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13278-024-01260-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13278-024-01260-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T14:23:20Z","timestamp":1740493400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13278-024-01260-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13278-024-01260-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-5469"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-5469","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no Conflict of interest as defined by Springer, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and\/or discussion reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"106"}}