{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:51:04Z","timestamp":1777099864518,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"US NSF, ARO, ONR, AFOSR, AFRL, DARPA, Maulden-Entergy, Donaghey foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc. Netw. Anal. Min."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the digital era, stories no longer spread solely as discrete facts or isolated data points but as rich, interpretive narratives that evolve and resonate across social media platforms. This survey systematically examines the emerging field of narrative diffusion, the process by which emotionally charged, coherent stories propagate through online networks, and contrasts it with traditional models of information diffusion. We begin by reviewing foundational models, such as epidemiological and cascade-based frameworks (e.g., SI\/SIR, Independent Cascade, Linear Threshold, and their extensions for temporal, topical, and neural modeling of static content). We then introduce a complementary taxonomy of narrative-specific approaches, including narrative tracking and evolution models, role-based event chains, multimodal variational methods, stance-aware epidemic adaptations, and cross-platform coordination frameworks. After reviewing both the models for information and narrative diffusion, we compare and contrast how these models can be adopted for narrative diffusion and what further can be done. By mapping these models onto the distinct structural, semantic, and emotional dimensions of narratives, we identify core challenges, such as semantic drift, multimodal integration, lack of annotated corpora, and ethical risks, and highlight gaps in evaluation practices. Finally, we outline future directions toward unified, multimodal, and cross-platform narrative diffusion. This survey aims to equip researchers with a comprehensive conceptual and methodological foundation for advancing narrative-aware analysis and intervention in online discourse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-025-01565-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T08:34:22Z","timestamp":1765874062000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Narrative diffusion in social networks: a survey"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mayor Inna","family":"Gurung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1565_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1108\/K-03-2020-0128","volume":"50","author":"N Aggrawal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aggrawal N, Arora A, Anand A, Dwivedi Y (2021) Early viewers or followers: a mathematical model for youtube viewers\u2019 categorization. Kybernetes 50(6):1811\u20131836","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"1565_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldous K, Salminen J, Farooq A, Jung S-g, Jansen B (2024) Using chatgpt in content marketing: enhancing users\u2019 social media engagement in cross-platform content creation through generative AI. In: Proceedings of the 35th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media, pp 376\u2013383","DOI":"10.1145\/3648188.3675142"},{"issue":"3","key":"1565_CR3","first-page":"2875","volume":"35","author":"J Ali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ali J, Babaei M, Chakraborty A, Mirzasoleiman B, Gummadi KP, Singla A (2021) On the fairness of time-critical influence maximization in social networks. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 35(3):2875\u20132886","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng"},{"key":"1565_CR4","unstructured":"Amure R, Agarwal N (2025) Graph-based identification of influential groups in cross-platform narrative dissemination. In: Proceedings of the 16th IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Graph (ICKG 2025), Limassol, Cyprus"},{"key":"1565_CR5","unstructured":"Amure R, Agarwal N (2025) Modeling cross-platform narrative contagion using a multiplex seirz framework. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Complex Networks and Their Applications (Complex Networks 2025), New York, USA"},{"key":"1565_CR6","unstructured":"Amure R, Agarwal N (2026) Exposure, skepticism, and switching: a behavioral model of narrative diffusion. In: Proceedings of the 59th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2026), Maui, Hawai\u2019i, USA"},{"key":"1565_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson B (2020) Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism, 282\u2013288","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003060963-46"},{"key":"1565_CR8","unstructured":"Bailey MM, Heiligman MI (2025) Detecting narrative shifts through persistent structures: a topological analysis of media discourse. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.14836"},{"key":"1565_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakshy E, Rosenn I, Marlow C, Adamic L (2012) The role of social networks in information diffusion. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on World Wide Web, pp 519\u2013528","DOI":"10.1145\/2187836.2187907"},{"issue":"3","key":"1565_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-013-0646-6","volume":"37","author":"N Barbieri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barbieri N, Bonchi F, Manco G (2013) Topic-aware social influence propagation models. Knowl Inf Syst 37(3):555\u2013584","journal-title":"Knowl Inf Syst"},{"issue":"9","key":"1565_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-023-01877-8","volume":"65","author":"N Botzer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Botzer N, Weninger T (2023) Entity graphs for exploring online discourse. Knowl Inf Syst 65(9):3591\u20133609","journal-title":"Knowl Inf Syst"},{"issue":"28","key":"1565_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7313","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618923114","volume":"114","author":"WJ Brady","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brady WJ, Wills JA, Jost JT, Tucker JA, Van Bavel JJ (2017) Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114(28):7313\u20137318","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1565_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/448619","volume":"18","author":"J Bruner","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bruner J (1991) The narrative construction of reality. Crit Inq 18(1):1\u201321","journal-title":"Crit Inq"},{"key":"1565_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruns A (2019) Are filter bubbles real?","DOI":"10.14763\/2019.4.1426"},{"key":"1565_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budak C, Agrawal D, El Abbadi A (2011) Limiting the spread of misinformation in social networks. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp 665\u2013674","DOI":"10.1145\/1963405.1963499"},{"key":"1565_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao Q, Shen H, Cen K, Ouyang W, Cheng X (2017) Deephawkes: Bridging the gap between prediction and understanding of information cascades. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, pp. 1149\u20131158","DOI":"10.1145\/3132847.3132973"},{"key":"1565_CR17","unstructured":"Chambers N, Jurafsky D (2008) Unsupervised learning of narrative event chains. In: Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT, pp. 789\u2013797"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1565_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/23754931.2019.1619193","volume":"5","author":"Z Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen Z (2019) An agent-based model for information diffusion over online social networks. Papers Appl Geography 5(1\u20132):77\u201397","journal-title":"Papers Appl Geography"},{"key":"1565_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng J, Adamic L, Dow PA, Kleinberg JM, Leskovec J (2014) Can cascades be predicted? In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web, pp 925\u2013936","DOI":"10.1145\/2566486.2567997"},{"key":"1565_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen W, Lin T, Tan Z, Zhao M, Zhou X (2016) Robust influence maximization. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp 795\u2013804","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939745"},{"issue":"4","key":"1565_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/1750635220965622","volume":"15","author":"F Coticchia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coticchia F, Catanzaro A (2022) The fog of words: assessing the problematic relationship between strategic narratives, (master) frames and ideology. Media War Conflict 15(4):427\u2013449","journal-title":"Media War Conflict"},{"issue":"1","key":"1565_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/imamat\/1.1.42","volume":"1","author":"DJ Daley","year":"1965","unstructured":"Daley DJ, Kendall DG (1965) Stochastic rumours. IMA J Appl Math 1(1):42\u201355","journal-title":"IMA J Appl Math"},{"key":"1565_CR23","first-page":"59375","volume":"36","author":"T Dan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dan T, Ding J, Wei Z, Kovalsky S, Kim M, Kim WH, Wu G (2023) Re-think and re-design graph neural networks in spaces of continuous graph diffusion functionals. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 36:59375\u201359387","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"1565_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Choudhury M, Counts S, Horvitz EJ, Hoff A (2014) Characterizing and predicting postpartum depression from shared facebook data. In: Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, pp 626\u2013638","DOI":"10.1145\/2531602.2531675"},{"key":"1565_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donovan J, Lewis B, Friedberg B (2018) Parallel ports. Post-digital cultures of the far right: online actions and offline consequences in Europe and the US, Transcript Verlag, 49\u201365","DOI":"10.1515\/9783839446706-004"},{"key":"1565_CR26","first-page":"397","volume":"390","author":"RM Entman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Entman RM (1993) Framing: towards clarification of a fractured paradigm. McQuail\u2019s Reader Mass Commun Theory 390:397","journal-title":"McQuail\u2019s Reader Mass Commun Theory"},{"key":"1565_CR27","unstructured":"Farajtabar M, Yang J, Ye X, Xu H, Trivedi R, Khalil E, Li S, Song L, Zha H (2017) Fake news mitigation via point process based intervention. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp 1097\u20131106. PMLR"},{"issue":"1","key":"1565_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03637758409390180","volume":"51","author":"WR Fisher","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fisher WR (1984) Narration as a human communication paradigm: the case of public moral argument. Commun Monographs 51(1):1\u201322","journal-title":"Commun Monographs"},{"key":"1565_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao T, Bao W, Li J, Gao X, Kong B, Tang Y, Chen G, Li X (2018) Dancinglines: an analytical scheme to depict cross-platform event popularity. In: International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications, pp 283\u2013299. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98809-2_18"},{"key":"1565_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goel S, Watts DJ, Goldstein DG (2012) The structure of online diffusion networks. In: Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, pp 623\u2013638","DOI":"10.1145\/2229012.2229058"},{"key":"1565_CR31","unstructured":"Goffman E (1974) Frame analysis: an essay on the organization of experience"},{"key":"1565_CR32","unstructured":"Gottschall J (2012) The storytelling animal: how stories make us human"},{"key":"1565_CR33","unstructured":"Greimas AJ, McDowell D, Schleifer R, Velie A (1983) Structural semantics: an attempt at a method"},{"issue":"1","key":"1565_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-025-01479-y","volume":"15","author":"MI Gurung","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gurung MI, Agarwal N, Addai E (2025) Modeling polarized information diffusion with sei (a) i (d) z: a stance-based epidemiological approach. Soc Netw Anal Min 15(1):60","journal-title":"Soc Netw Anal Min"},{"key":"1565_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall S (2007) Encoding and decoding in the television discourse. In: CCCS Selected Working Papers, pp 402\u2013414. Routledge, London, UK","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203357071-35"},{"issue":"6","key":"1565_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1177\/0094306116671947","volume":"45","author":"AR Hochschild","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hochschild AR (2016) The ecstatic edge of politics: Sociology and donald trump. Contemp Sociol 45(6):683\u2013689","journal-title":"Contemp Sociol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1565_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4018\/jats.2010070103","volume":"2","author":"C Hui","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hui C, Goldberg M, Magdon-Ismail M, Wallace WA (2010) Simulating the diffusion of information: an agent-based modeling approach. Int J Agent Technol Syst (IJATS) 2(3):31\u201346","journal-title":"Int J Agent Technol Syst (IJATS)"},{"key":"1565_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katz E, Lazarsfeld PF, Roper E (2017) Personal influence: the part played by people in the flow of mass communications","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315126234"},{"key":"1565_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kempe D, Kleinberg J, Tardos \u00c9 (2003) Maximizing the spread of influence through a social network. In: Proceedings of the Ninth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp 137\u2013146","DOI":"10.1145\/956750.956769"},{"key":"1565_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khattar D, Goud JS, Gupta M, Varma V (2019) Mvae: multimodal variational autoencoder for fake news detection. In: The World Wide Web Conference, pp 2915\u20132921","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313552"},{"key":"1565_CR41","unstructured":"Klein G, Phillips JK, Rall EL, Peluso DA (2007) A data\u2013frame theory of sensemaking, 118\u2013160"},{"key":"1565_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotonya N, Toni F (2020) Explainable automated fact-checking for public health claims. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.09926","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.623"},{"key":"1565_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kottur S, Moura JM, Parikh D, Batra D, Rohrbach M (2018) Visual coreference resolution in visual dialog using neural module networks. In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), pp 153\u2013169","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01267-0_10"},{"key":"1565_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kundu G, Sil A, Florian R, Hamza W (2018) Neural cross-lingual coreference resolution and its application to entity linking. arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.10201","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-2063"},{"issue":"2","key":"1565_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816663485","volume":"20","author":"R Kuo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuo R (2018) Racial justice activist hashtags: counterpublics and discourse circulation. New Media Soc 20(2):495\u2013514","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"key":"1565_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwak H, Lee C, Park H, Moon S (2010) What is twitter, a social network or a news media? In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp 591\u2013600","DOI":"10.1145\/1772690.1772751"},{"key":"1565_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazarsfeld PF, Berelson B, Gaudet H (1968) The people\u2019s choice: how the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign","DOI":"10.7312\/laza93930"},{"key":"1565_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lerman K, Ghosh R (2010) Information contagion: an empirical study of the spread of news on digg and twitter social networks. In: Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, vol. 4, pp 90\u201397","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v4i1.14021"},{"key":"1565_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leskovec J, Krause A, Guestrin C, Faloutsos C, VanBriesen J, Glance N (2007) Cost-effective outbreak detection in networks. In: Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp 420\u2013429","DOI":"10.1145\/1281192.1281239"},{"key":"1565_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd13.150561","volume":"13","author":"Y Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li Y, Lawley MA, Siscovick DS, Zhang D, Pag\u00e1n JA (2016) Agent-based modeling of chronic diseases: a narrative review and future research directions. Prev Chronic Dis 13:69","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"1565_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li J, Jurafsky D (2016) Neural net models for open-domain discourse coherence. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.01545","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1019"},{"key":"1565_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li C, Ma J, Guo X, Mei Q (2017) Deepcas: an end-to-end predictor of information cascades. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp 577\u2013586","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052643"},{"key":"1565_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Qian Y, Yu Y, Qin X, Zhang C, Liu Y, Yao K, Han J, Liu J, Ding E (2021) Structext: structured text understanding with multi-modal transformers. In: Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp 1912\u20131920","DOI":"10.1145\/3474085.3475345"},{"key":"1565_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.117782","volume":"206","author":"O Magdaci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Magdaci O, Matalon Y, Yamin D (2022) Modeling the debate dynamics of political communication in social media networks. Expert Syst Appl 206:117782","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"1565_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matzko P (2020) The radio right: how a band of broadcasters took on the federal government and built the modern conservative movement","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190073220.001.0001"},{"key":"1565_CR56","unstructured":"Mei H, Eisner JM (2017) The neural hawkes process: a neurally self-modulating multivariate point process. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 30:6754\u20136764"},{"key":"1565_CR57","unstructured":"Miani A, Lewandowsky S (2024) Still very much dead and alive: re-reconsidering belief in contradictory conspiracy theories"},{"issue":"6","key":"1565_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551515602808","volume":"41","author":"A Mohammadi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mohammadi A, Saraee M, Mirzaei A (2015) Time-sensitive influence maximization in social networks. J Inf Sci 41(6):765\u2013778","journal-title":"J Inf Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1565_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0184148","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184148","volume":"12","author":"B M\u00f8nsted","year":"2017","unstructured":"M\u00f8nsted B, Sapie\u017cy\u0144ski P, Ferrara E, Lehmann S (2017) Evidence of complex contagion of information in social media: an experiment using twitter bots. PLoS One 12(9):0184148","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"1565_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.69.066130","volume":"69","author":"Y Moreno","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moreno Y, Nekovee M, Pacheco AF (2004) Dynamics of rumor spreading in complex networks. Phys Rev E 69(6):066130","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"1565_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papacharissi Z (2015) Affective publics: sentiment, technology, and politics","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199999736.001.0001"},{"issue":"3","key":"1565_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2015.1109697","volume":"19","author":"Z Papacharissi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Papacharissi Z (2016) Affective publics and structures of storytelling: sentiment, events and mediality. Inf Commun Soc 19(3):307\u2013324","journal-title":"Inf Commun Soc"},{"issue":"14","key":"1565_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.86.3200","volume":"86","author":"R Pastor-Satorras","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pastor-Satorras R, Vespignani A (2001) Epidemic spreading in scale-free networks. Phys Rev Lett 86(14):3200","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"1565_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pichotta K, Mooney R (2016) Learning statistical scripts with lstm recurrent neural networks. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 30","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.10347"},{"key":"1565_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2017.11.001","volume":"54","author":"P Piedrahita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Piedrahita P, Borge-Holthoefer J, Moreno Y, Gonz\u00e1lez-Bail\u00f3n S (2018) The contagion effects of repeated activation in social networks. Social Netw 54:326\u2013335","journal-title":"Social Netw"},{"key":"1565_CR66","unstructured":"Polletta F (2009) It was like a fever: storytelling in protest and politics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1565_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-081309-150106","volume":"37","author":"F Polletta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Polletta F, Chen PCB, Gardner BG, Motes A (2011) The sociology of storytelling. Ann Rev Sociol 37(1):109\u2013130","journal-title":"Ann Rev Sociol"},{"issue":"CSCW1","key":"1565_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3579616","volume":"7","author":"S Prochaska","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prochaska S, Duskin K, Kharazian Z, Minow C, Blucker S, Venuto S, West JD, Starbird K (2023) Mobilizing manufactured reality: how participatory disinformation shaped deep stories to catalyze action during the 2020 us presidential election. Proc ACM Human-Comput Interact 7(CSCW1):1\u201339","journal-title":"Proc ACM Human-Comput Interact"},{"key":"1565_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu J, Tang J, Ma H, Dong Y, Wang K, Tang J (2018) Deepinf: social influence prediction with deep learning. In: Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, pp 2110\u20132119","DOI":"10.1145\/3219819.3220077"},{"key":"1565_CR70","unstructured":"Rogers EM, Singhal A, Quinlan MM (2014) Diffusion of Innovations"},{"key":"1565_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.4780","volume":"55","author":"J Rupnik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rupnik J, Muhic A, Leban G, Skraba P, Fortuna B, Grobelnik M (2016) News across languages-cross-lingual document similarity and event tracking. J Artif Intell Res 55:283\u2013316","journal-title":"J Artif Intell Res"},{"key":"1565_CR72","unstructured":"Schattschneider EE (1975) The semisovereign people: a realist\u2019s view of democracy in America. (No Title)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1565_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02784.x","volume":"49","author":"DA Scheufele","year":"1999","unstructured":"Scheufele DA (1999) Framing as a theory of media effects. J Commun 49(1):103\u2013122","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"1565_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","volume":"27","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1948","unstructured":"Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J 27(3):379\u2013423","journal-title":"Bell Syst Tech J"},{"issue":"4","key":"1565_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222290408","volume":"29","author":"S Stieglitz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stieglitz S, Dang-Xuan L (2013) Emotions and information diffusion in social media\u2014sentiment of microblogs and sharing behavior. J Manag Inf Syst 29(4):217\u2013248","journal-title":"J Manag Inf Syst"},{"key":"1565_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang Y, Xiao X, Shi Y (2014) Influence maximization: near-optimal time complexity meets practical efficiency. In: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, pp 75\u201386","DOI":"10.1145\/2588555.2593670"},{"key":"1565_CR77","unstructured":"T\u00f6rnberg P, Valeeva D, Uitermark J, Bail C (2023) Simulating social media using large language models to evaluate alternative news feed algorithms. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.05984"},{"issue":"6","key":"1565_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976231158570","volume":"34","author":"J-W Van Prooijen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Van Prooijen J-W, Wahring I, Mausolf L, Mulas N, Shwan S (2023) Just dead, not alive: reconsidering belief in contradictory conspiracy theories. Psychol Sci 34(6):670\u2013682","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"6380","key":"1565_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559","volume":"359","author":"S Vosoughi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vosoughi S, Roy D, Aral S (2018) The spread of true and false news online. Science 359(6380):1146\u20131151","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1565_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waight H, Messing S, Shirikov A, Roberts ME, Nagler J, Greenfield J, Brown MA, Aslett K, Tucker JA (2025) Quantifying narrative similarity across languages. Soc Methods Res 54(3):933\u2013983","DOI":"10.1177\/00491241251340080"},{"key":"1565_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng J, Lim E-P, Jiang J, He Q (2010) Twitterrank: finding topic-sensitive influential twitterers. In: Proceedings of the Third ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, pp 261\u2013270","DOI":"10.1145\/1718487.1718520"},{"issue":"6","key":"1565_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550611434786","volume":"3","author":"MJ Wood","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wood MJ, Douglas KM, Sutton RM (2012) Dead and alive: beliefs in contradictory conspiracy theories. Soc Psychol Personal Sci 3(6):767\u2013773","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Personal Sci"},{"key":"1565_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu J, He J, Xu J (2019) Net: degree-specific graph neural networks for node and graph classification. In: Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, pp 406\u2013415","DOI":"10.1145\/3292500.3330950"},{"issue":"4","key":"1565_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.17645\/mac.v4i4.692","volume":"4","author":"G Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang G (2016) Narrative agency in hashtag activism: The case of# blacklivesmatter. Media Commun 4(4):13\u201317","journal-title":"Media Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"1565_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/iby132","volume":"9","author":"Y Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang Y (2019) A narrative review of the use of agent-based modeling in health behavior and behavior intervention. Transl Behav Med 9(6):1065\u20131075","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med"},{"key":"1565_CR86","first-page":"32720","volume":"36","author":"R Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang R, Yang Y, Zhou F, Sun Q (2023) Directional diffusion models for graph representation learning. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 36:32720\u201332731","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"1565_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zannettou S, Caulfield T, Blackburn J, De Cristofaro E, Sirivianos M, Stringhini G, Suarez-Tangil G (2018) On the origins of memes by means of fringe web communities. In: Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference 2018, pp 188\u2013202","DOI":"10.1145\/3278532.3278550"},{"key":"1565_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zannettou S, Caulfield T, Setzer W, Sirivianos M, Stringhini G, Blackburn J (2019) Who let the trolls out? Towards understanding state-sponsored trolls. In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science, pp 353\u2013362","DOI":"10.1145\/3292522.3326016"},{"key":"1565_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao Q, Erdogdu MA, He HY, Rajaraman A, Leskovec J (2015) Seismic: a self-exciting point process model for predicting tweet popularity. In: Proceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp 1513\u20131522","DOI":"10.1145\/2783258.2783401"},{"key":"1565_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao W, Guo S, Lerman K, Ahn Y-Y (2024) Discovering collective narratives shifts in online discussions. In: Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, vol. 18, pp 1804\u20131817","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v18i1.31427"},{"key":"1565_CR91","unstructured":"Zuo S, Jiang H, Li Z, Zhao T, Zha H (2020) Transformer hawkes process. In: International Conference on Machine Learning, pp 11692\u201311702. PMLR"}],"container-title":["Social Network Analysis and Mining"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13278-025-01565-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13278-025-01565-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13278-025-01565-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T08:31:43Z","timestamp":1768379503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13278-025-01565-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13278-025-01565-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-5469"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-5469","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"19"}}