{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T11:43:58Z","timestamp":1773315838536,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009112","name":"INDAM","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009112","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Netw Model Anal Health Inform Bioinforma"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s13721-024-00493-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T15:59:17Z","timestamp":1734451157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A prevalence-robust measure of diagnostic test performance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8681-1482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Casagrande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1950-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Fabris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0904-5147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossano","family":"Girometti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"493_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.00178.x","volume":"96","author":"AK Akobeng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Akobeng AK (2007) Understanding diagnostic tests 3: receiver operating characteristic curves. Acta Paediatr 96(5):644\u2013647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.00178.x","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"6948","key":"493_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6948.188","volume":"309","author":"DG Altman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Altman DG, Bland JM (1994) Diagnostic tests 3: receiver operating characteristic plots. BMJ Br Med J 309(6948):188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.309.6948.188","journal-title":"BMJ Br Med J"},{"issue":"6943","key":"493_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6943.1552","volume":"308","author":"DG Altman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Altman DG, Bland JM (1994) Diagnostic tests. 1: sensitivity and specificity. BMJ Br Med J 308(6943):1552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.308.6943.1552","journal-title":"BMJ Br Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"493_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780060402","volume":"6","author":"CB Begg","year":"1987","unstructured":"Begg CB (1987) Biases in the assessment of diagnostic tests. Stat Med 6(4):411\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.4780060402","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"493_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brenner H, Gefeller O (1997) Variation of sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and predictive values with disease prevalence. Stat Med 16(9):981\u2013991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1097-0258(19970515)16:9<981::aid-sim510>3.0.co;2-n","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0258(19970515)16:9<981::aid-sim510>3.0.co;2-n"},{"key":"493_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-020-02261-2","volume":"58","author":"A Casagrande","year":"2020","unstructured":"Casagrande A, Fabris F, Girometti R (2020) Beyond kappa: an informational index for diagnostic agreement in dichotomous and multivalue ordered-categorical ratings. Med Biol Eng Comput 58:3089\u20133099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-020-02261-2","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"4","key":"493_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-021-02494-9","volume":"60","author":"A Casagrande","year":"2022","unstructured":"Casagrande A, Fabris F, Girometti R (2022) Fifty years of shannon information theory in assessing the accuracy and agreement of diagnostic tests. Med Biol Eng Comput 60(4):941\u2013955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-021-02494-9","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"493_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-023-00327-y","volume":"7","author":"A Casagrande","year":"2023","unstructured":"Casagrande A, Fabris F, Girometti R (2023) An information-oriented paradigm in evaluating accuracy and agreement in radiology. Eur Radiol Exp 7(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41747-023-00327-y","journal-title":"Eur Radiol Exp"},{"key":"493_CR9","unstructured":"Feinstein AR (1985) Clinical Epidemiology: The Architecture of Clinical Research. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia (PA), USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"493_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1975171104","volume":"17","author":"AR Feinstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Feinstein AR (1975) On the sensitivity, specificity, and discrimination of diagnostic tests. Clin Pharmacol Ther 17(1):104\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpt1975171104","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"493_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(73)90013-1","volume":"26","author":"M Gardner","year":"1973","unstructured":"Gardner M, Heady J (1973) Some effects of within-person variability in epidemiological studies. J Chronic Dis 26(12):781\u2013795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9681(73)90013-1","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"493_CR12","volume-title":"Interpreting the Medical Literature","author":"SH Gehlbach","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gehlbach SH (2006) Interpreting the Medical Literature, 5th edn. McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division, New York","edition":"5"},{"key":"493_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-015-1294-7","volume":"53","author":"R Girometti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Girometti R, Fabris F (2015) Informational analysis: a Shannon theoretic approach to measure the performance of a diagnostic test. Med Biol Eng Comput 53:899\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-015-1294-7","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"493_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.110852","volume":"164","author":"R Girometti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Girometti R, Giannarini G, Peruzzi V, Amparore D, Pizzolitto S, Zuiani C (2023) MRI-informed prostate biopsy: what the radiologist should know on quality in biopsy planning and biopsy acquisition. Eur J Radiol 164:110852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.110852","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"493_CR15","volume-title":"Clinical epidemiology: how to do clinical practice research","author":"RB Haynes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Guyatt GH, Tugwell P (2006) Clinical epidemiology: how to do clinical practice research. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia"},{"key":"493_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-2-4","volume":"2","author":"H Honest","year":"2002","unstructured":"Honest H, Khan KS (2002) Reporting of measures of accuracy in systematic reviews of diagnostic literature. BMC Health Serv Res 2:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-2-4","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"493_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kramer MS (1988) Clinical epidemiology and biostatistics. Primer Clin Investig Decis-Markers. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-61372-2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-61372-2"},{"issue":"12","key":"493_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-12-200812160-00008","volume":"149","author":"MM Leeflang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leeflang MM, Deeks JJ, Gatsonis C, Bossuyt PM (2008) Systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy. Ann Internal Med 149(12):889\u2013897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-149-12-200812160-00008","journal-title":"Ann Internal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"493_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2008.04.007","volume":"62","author":"MM Leeflang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leeflang MM, Bossuyt PM, Irwig L (2009) Diagnostic test accuracy may vary with prevalence: implications for evidence-based diagnosis. J Clin Epidemiol 62(1):5\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2008.04.007","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"493_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.121286","volume":"185","author":"MM Leeflang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leeflang MM, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, Hooft L, Bossuyt PM (2013) Variation of a test\u2019s sensitivity and specificity with disease prevalence. CMAJ 185(11):537\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.121286","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"493_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxr008","volume":"12","author":"J Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li J, Fine JP (2011) Assessing the dependence of sensitivity and specificity on prevalence in meta-analysis. Biostatistics 12(4):710\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxr008","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"7","key":"493_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-7-200210010-00011","volume":"137","author":"SA Mulherin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mulherin SA, Miller WC (2002) Spectrum bias or spectrum effect? subgroup variation in diagnostic test evaluation. Ann Internal Med 137(7):598\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-137-7-200210010-00011","journal-title":"Ann Internal Med"},{"issue":"27","key":"493_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.221802","volume":"195","author":"MH Murad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murad MH, Lin L, Chu H, Hasan B, Alsibai RA, Abbas AS, Mustafa RA, Wang Z (2023) The association of sensitivity and specificity with disease prevalence: analysis of 6909 studies of diagnostic test accuracy. CMAJ 195(27):925\u2013931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.221802","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"493_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198743583.001.0001","volume-title":"Oxford Handbook of Medical Statistics 2e","author":"JL Peacock","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peacock JL, Peacock PJ (2020) Oxford Handbook of Medical Statistics 2e. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/med\/9780198743583.001.0001"},{"issue":"1","key":"493_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-022-00897-0","volume":"22","author":"A Penn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Penn A, Medved M, Abe H, Dialani V, Karczmar GS, Brousseau D (2022) Safely reducing unnecessary benign breast biopsies by applying non-mass and DWI directional variance filters to ADC thresholding. BMC Med Imaging 22(1):171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12880-022-00897-0","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"issue":"17","key":"493_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197810262991705","volume":"299","author":"DF Ransohoff","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ransohoff DF, Feinstein AR (1978) Problems of spectrum and bias in evaluating the efficacy of diagnostic tests. N Engl J Med 299(17):926\u2013930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM197810262991705","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"493_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.07138.x","volume":"101","author":"AR Rao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rao AR, Motiwala HG, Karim OM (2008) The discovery of prostate-specific antigen. BJU Int 101(1):5\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.07138.x","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"493_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","volume":"27","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1948","unstructured":"Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J 27:379\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","journal-title":"Bell Syst Tech J"},{"issue":"2","key":"493_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/93.2.252","volume":"93","author":"PN Valenstein","year":"1990","unstructured":"Valenstein PN (1990) Evaluating diagnostic tests with imperfect standards. Am J Clin Pathol 93(2):252\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcp\/93.2.252","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"493_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.184.1.01840014","volume":"184","author":"S Weinstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weinstein S, Obuchowski NA, Lieber ML (2005) Clinical evaluation of diagnostic tests. Am J Roentgenol 184:14\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.184.1.01840014","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"}],"container-title":["Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13721-024-00493-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13721-024-00493-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13721-024-00493-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T16:07:52Z","timestamp":1734451672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13721-024-00493-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13721-024-00493-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2192-6670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2192-6670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Materials availability"}}],"article-number":"2"}}