{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T17:18:08Z","timestamp":1778779088374,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62306102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62306102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62276087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62276087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62450100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62450100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003482","name":"Department of Education of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BJ2025003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJ2025003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003482","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Inf Sci Syst"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s13755-026-00460-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:51:08Z","timestamp":1778777468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An ECG early prediction algorithm integrating autonomic imbalance and repolarization energospectral shift"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jieshuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaopeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianli","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1871-1017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR1","first-page":"242","volume":"8","author":"AS Batra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Batra AS, Balaji S. Usefulness of tilt testing in children with syncope: a survey of pediatric electrophysiologists. Indian Pacing and Electrophysiol J. 2008;8(4):242.","journal-title":"Indian Pacing and Electrophysiol J"},{"key":"460_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2019.102624","author":"DS Martin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Martin DS, Vogel E, Freeling J, Reihe C. Activation of bradykinin-sensitive pericardial afferents increases systemic venous tone in conscious rats. Auton Neurosci. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autneu.2019.102624.","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"460_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08090-1","author":"Q Deng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Deng Q, Wang S, Wang Y, Li F, Cai H, Zou R, et al. Clinical evaluation and risk factors of head-up tilt test in children. Neurol Sci. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08090-1.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-007-0423-2","volume":"17","author":"J-O Fortrat","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fortrat J-O, Schang D, Bellard E, Victor J, Lefth\u00e9riotis G. Cardiovascular variables do not predict head-up tilt test outcome better than body composition. Clin Auton Res. 2007;17(4):206\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-007-0423-2.","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/2\/007","volume":"28","author":"D Schang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schang D, Feuilloy M, Plantier G, Fortrat J-O, Nicolas P. Early prediction of unexplained syncope by support vector machines. Physiol Meas. 2006;28(2):185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/2\/007.","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"460_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2015.12.005","volume":"127","author":"S Reulecke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reulecke S, Charleston-Villalobos S, Voss A, Gonz\u00e1lez-Camarena R, Gonz\u00e1lez-Hermosillo J, Gaitan-Gonzalez MJ, et al. Orthostatic stress causes immediately increased blood pressure variability in women with vasovagal syncope. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2016;127:185\u201396.","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"issue":"21","key":"460_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5016","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10215016","volume":"10","author":"S Hussain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hussain S, Raza Z, Kumar TV, Goswami N. Diagnosing neurally mediated syncope using classification techniques. J Clin Med. 2021;10(21):5016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10215016.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"460_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-021-02314-0","volume":"59","author":"S Gilmore","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gilmore S, Hart J, Geddes J, Olsen CH, Mehlsen J, Gremaud P, et al. Classification of orthostatic intolerance through data analytics. Med & Biol Eng & Computing. 2021;59(3):621\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-021-02314-0.","journal-title":"Med & Biol Eng & Computing"},{"issue":"10","key":"460_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10101029","volume":"10","author":"S Hussain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hussain S, Raza Z, Giacomini G, Goswami N. Support vector machine-based classification of vasovagal syncope using head-up tilt test. Biology. 2021;10(10):1029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology10101029.","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-024-01229-9","volume":"23","author":"M Ferdowsi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferdowsi M, Kwan B-H, Tan MP, Saedon N, Subramaniam S, Abu Hashim NFI, et al. Classification of vasovagal syncope from physiological signals on tilt table testing. Biomed Eng Online. 2024;23(1):37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12938-024-01229-9.","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"key":"460_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aline T, Hassan A, Nadine K, Guy C, David M, Fran\u00e7ois C. 2015 Multiscale analysis of heart rate variability for the characterization of subjects with reflex syncope during head-up tilt test. In: 2015 International Conference on Advances in Biomedical Engineering (ICABME) ;pp. 81\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICABME.2015.7323256 . IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICABME.2015.7323256"},{"key":"460_CR12","unstructured":"Gan T, Wu L, Zou R, Lin P, Li F, Yang H, Liu P, Gong X and Wang C, 2018. Relationship between unexplained palpitation in children and head-up tilt test. Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban= Journal of Central South University. Med Sci, 43(3), pp. 282\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11817\/j.issn.1672-7347.2018.03.008"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.20879","volume":"34","author":"JA Smith","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smith JA, Karalis DG, Rosso AL, Grothusen JR, Hessen SE, Schwartzman RJ. Syncope in complex regional pain syndrome. Clin Cardiol. 2011;34(4):222\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/clc.20879.","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"460_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2761354","volume":"22","author":"S Reulecke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reulecke S, Charleston-Villalobos S, Voss A, Gonz\u00e1lez-Camarena R, Gonz\u00e1lez-Hermosillo JA, Gait\u00e1n-Gonz\u00e1lez MJ, et al. Temporal analysis of cardiovascular and respiratory complexity by multiscale entropy based on symbolic dynamics. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2017;22(4):1046\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2761354.","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"key":"460_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong X, Jiao H, Gao J, Teng J. Autonomic tone variations prior to onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 28, 2022;934028\u20131 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/MSM.934028","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.934028"},{"issue":"6","key":"460_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23250","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23250","volume":"34","author":"AI Al-Shafei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Shafei AI, Musa SM, Rayis DA, Lutfi MF, El-Gendy OA, Adam I. Heart rate variability and hematological parameters in pregnant women. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34(6):23250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcla.23250.","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71532-7","volume":"10","author":"YM Ishbulatov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ishbulatov YM, Karavaev AS, Kiselev AR, Simonyan MA, Prokhorov MD, Ponomarenko VI, et al. Mathematical modeling of the cardiovascular autonomic control in healthy subjects during a passive head-up tilt test. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-71532-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25528-z","volume":"8","author":"O Bruna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bruna O, Levora T, Holub J. Assessment of ecg and respiration recordings from simulated emergency landings of ultra light aircraft. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):7232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-25528-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"460_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020588","volume":"12","author":"M Bester","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bester M, Joshi R, Dooren JH, Mischi M, Vullings R, Laar JO. Changes in maternal heart rate and autonomic regulation following the antenatal administration of corticosteroids: A secondary analysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12(2):588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12020588.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"460_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cirugeda EM, Plancha E, Hidalgo VM, Calero S, Rieta JJ, Alcaraz R. Sinus rhythm maintenance in persistent atrial fibrillation: 12-lead ecg multiscale entropy characterization. Med & Biol Eng & Comput, 2025;1\u201315 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-025-03449-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-025-03449-0"},{"key":"460_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomaszewska M, Czekajska-Chehab E, Olchowik G, Tomaszewski M, Drop A. Fatty foci within the heart diagnosed with ecg-gated multi-slice computed tomography: Frequency and morphology. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 20, 2014;833 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/MSM.890271","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.890271"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-019-0009-z","volume":"71","author":"A Mohammadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohammadi A, Emamgoli A, Shirinkalam M, Meftahi GH, Yagoobi K, Hatef B. The persistent effect of acute psychosocial stress on heart rate variability. Egypt Heart J. 2019;71(1):18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43044-019-0009-z.","journal-title":"Egypt Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-9-43","volume":"9","author":"EMA Anas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anas EMA, Lee SY, Hasan MK. Sequential algorithm for life threatening cardiac pathologies detection based on mean signal strength and emd functions. Biomed Eng Online. 2010;9(1):43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-925X-9-43.","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3269144","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3269144","volume":"2023","author":"Z Bao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bao Z, Li D, Jiang S, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Atrial fibrillation detection with low signal-to-noise ratio data using artificial features and abstract features. J Healthc Eng. 2023;2023(1):3269144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/3269144.","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"key":"460_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chawla M, Verma H, Kumar V. RETRACTED: A new statistical PCA-ICA algorithm for location of R-peaks in ECG. Elsevier. 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2007.06.036.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2007.06.036"},{"issue":"1","key":"460_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-00968-2","volume":"20","author":"R Kelter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kelter R. Analysis of bayesian posterior significance and effect size indices for the two-sample t-test to support reproducible medical research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2020;20(1):88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-020-00968-2.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"460_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.04.027","volume":"83","author":"X Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu X, Yan G, Bullock L, Barksdale DJ, Logan JG. Sleep moderates the association between arterial stiffness and 24-hour blood pressure variability. Sleep Med. 2021;83:222\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.04.027.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"460_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/10\/2119","volume":"35","author":"N Khodor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khodor N, Matelot D, Carrault G, Amoud H, Khalil M, Ville N, et al. Kernel based support vector machine for the early detection of syncope during head-up tilt test. Physiol Meas. 2014;35(10):2119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/10\/2119.","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"460_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2015.11.005","volume":"49","author":"N Khodor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khodor N, Carrault G, Matelot D, Amoud H, Khalil M, Du Boullay NT, et al. Early syncope detection during head up tilt test by analyzing interactions between cardio-vascular signals. Digital Signal Process. 2016;49:86\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsp.2015.11.005.","journal-title":"Digital Signal Process"},{"key":"460_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kwok M, Nolan H, Fan CW, O\u2019Dwyer C, Kenny RA, Finucane C. Machine learning for analysis of active stand responses in older adults with vasovagal syncope. medRxiv, 2020;2020\u201312 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.12.07.20241109","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.07.20241109"},{"key":"460_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferdowsi M, Goh C-H, Kwan B-H. Classification of syncope in front-loaded head-up tilt test with support vector machine. In: 2022 IEEE 18th International Colloquium on Signal Processing & Applications (CSPA), 2022;pp. 187\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CSPA55076.2022.9781997 . IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/CSPA55076.2022.9781997"}],"container-title":["Health Information Science and Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13755-026-00460-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13755-026-00460-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13755-026-00460-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:51:10Z","timestamp":1778777470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13755-026-00460-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13755-026-00460-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-2501"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-2501","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University (Institutional Review Board approval No.\u00a0HDFYLL-IIT-2025-160; approved on December\u00a09,\u00a02025). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant ethical guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all patients included in the study. All patient data were kept confidential and anonymized throughout the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial registration"}}],"article-number":"65"}}