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Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Synthetic microbial consortia are conglomerations of genetically engineered microbes programmed to cooperatively bring about population\u2010level phenotypes. By coordinating their activity, the constituent strains can display emergent behaviors that are difficult to engineer into isogenic populations. To do so, strains are engineered to communicate with one another through intercellular signaling pathways that depend on cell density.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we used computational modeling to examine how the behavior of synthetic microbial consortia results from the interplay between population dynamics governed by cell growth and internal transcriptional dynamics governed by cell\u2010cell signaling. Specifically, we examined a synthetic microbial consortium in which two strains each produce signals that down\u2010regulate transcription in the other. Within a single strain this regulatory topology is called a \u201cco\u2010repressive toggle switch\u201d and can lead to bistability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that in co\u2010repressive synthetic microbial consortia the existence and stability of different states depend on population\u2010level dynamics. As the two strains passively compete for space within the colony, their relative fractions fluctuate and thus alter the strengths of intercellular signals. These fluctuations drive the consortium to alternative equilibria. Additionally, if the growth rates of the strains depend on their transcriptional states, an additional feedback loop is created that can generate oscillations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings demonstrate that the dynamics of microbial consortia cannot be predicted from their regulatory topologies alone, but are also determined by interactions between the strains. Therefore, when designing synthetic microbial consortia that use intercellular signaling, one must account for growth variations caused by the production of protein.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40484-017-0100-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,9]],"date-time":"2017-03-09T01:46:28Z","timestamp":1489023988000},"page":"55-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Bistability and oscillations in co\u2010repressive synthetic microbial consortia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Sadeghpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--1--> Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Veliz\u2010Cuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--2--> Department of Mathematics University of Dayton Dayton OH 45469 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Orosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--1--> Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kre\u0161imir","family":"Josi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--3--> Department of Mathematics University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA"},{"name":"<!--4--> Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA"},{"name":"<!--5--> Department of Biosciences Rice University Houston TX 77251\u20101892 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--5--> Department of Biosciences Rice University Houston TX 77251\u20101892 USA"},{"name":"<!--6--> Department of Bioengineering Rice University Houston TX 77251\u20101892 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205527"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2149"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es401458s"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04335"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1985210"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa3794"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20156185"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09679"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643\u2010014\u20100024\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physd.2015.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195\u2010016\u20100447\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.218"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192588"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002480"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35002131"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","first-page":"1315","article-title":"Quorum sensing in bacteria","volume":"333","author":"Miller M. 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