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Several molecular competition scenarios have been observed recently, but there is still a lack of systematic quantitative understanding to reveal the essence of molecular competition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, by abstracting the analogous competition mechanism behind diverse molecular systems, we built a unified coarse\u2010grained competition motif model to systematically integrate experimental evidences in these processes and analyzed general properties shared behind them from steady\u2010state behavior to dynamic responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We could predict in what molecular environments competition would reveal threshold behavior or display a negative linear dependence. We quantified how competition can shape regulator\u2010target dose\u2010response curve, modulate dynamic response speed, control target expression noise, and introduce correlated fluctuations between targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work uncovered the complexity and generality of molecular competition effect as a hidden layer of gene regulatory network, and therefore provided a unified insight and a theoretical framework to understand and employ competition in both natural and synthetic systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  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