{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T07:58:44Z","timestamp":1773734324313,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inf Technol Tourism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40558-020-00183-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T12:02:35Z","timestamp":1593518555000},"page":"121-132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["A critical reflection on the adoption of blockchain in tourism"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9744-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Valeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Baggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"183_CR1","volume-title":"Defining the business: the starting point of strategic planning","author":"DF Abell","year":"1980","unstructured":"Abell DF (1980) Defining the business: the starting point of strategic planning. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs"},{"key":"183_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s40558-018-0125-8","volume":"20","author":"R Baggio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baggio R, Fuchs M (2018) Network science and e-tourism. Inf Technol Tour 20:97\u2013102","journal-title":"Inf Technol Tour"},{"issue":"1","key":"183_CR3","first-page":"99","volume":"17","author":"J Barney","year":"1991","unstructured":"Barney J (1991) Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. J Manag 17(1):99\u2013120","journal-title":"J Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"183_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1040.0065","volume":"15","author":"CM Beckman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beckman CM, Haunschild PR, Phillips DJ (2004) Friends or strangers? Firm-specific uncertainty, market uncertainty, and network partner selection. Organ Sci 15(3):259\u2013275","journal-title":"Organ Sci"},{"key":"183_CR5","volume-title":"Does blockchain hold the key to a new age of supply chain transparency and trust?","author":"Capgemini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Capgemini (2018) Does blockchain hold the key to a new age of supply chain transparency and trust?. Capgemini Research Institute, Paris"},{"issue":"3","key":"183_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7206(86)90010-8","volume":"11","author":"EK Clemons","year":"1986","unstructured":"Clemons EK (1986) Information systems for sustainable competitive advantage. Inf Manag 11(3):131\u2013136","journal-title":"Inf Manag"},{"key":"183_CR7","volume-title":"The future of Blockchain in Asia-Pacific","author":"Cognizant","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cognizant (2017) The future of Blockchain in Asia-Pacific. Cognizant, Teaneck"},{"key":"183_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel V (1955) The Uses and Abuses of Analogy. OR, 6(1), 32-46","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1955.3"},{"issue":"12","key":"183_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.12.1504","volume":"35","author":"I Dierickx","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dierickx I, Cool K (1989) Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage. Manag Sci 35(12):1504\u20131511","journal-title":"Manag Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"183_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0702_3","volume":"7","author":"D Gentner","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gentner D (1983) Structure-mapping: a theoretical framework for analogy. Cognit Sci 7(2):155\u2013170","journal-title":"Cognit Sci"},{"key":"183_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139173865.022","volume-title":"Metaphor and thought","author":"D Gentner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gentner D, Jeziorski M (1993) The shift from metaphor to analogy in western science. In: Ortony A (ed) Metaphor and thought, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 447\u2013480","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"183_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.2307\/41166664","volume":"33","author":"R Grant","year":"1991","unstructured":"Grant R (1991) The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy formulation. Calif Manag Rev 33(3):114\u2013135","journal-title":"Calif Manag Rev"},{"key":"183_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40558-020-00181-3","author":"U Gretzel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gretzel U, Fuchs M, Baggio R, Hoepken W, Law R, Neidhardt J, Pesonen J, Zanker M, Xiang Z (2020) e-tourism beyond COVID-19: a call for transformative research. Inf Technol Tour. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40558-020-00181-3","journal-title":"Inf Technol Tour"},{"key":"183_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-38424-3_32","volume-title":"Advances in cryptology\u2014Proceedings of CRYPTO\u2019 90 (LNCS 537)","author":"S Haber","year":"1991","unstructured":"Haber S, Stornetta W (1991) How to time-stamp a digital document. In: Menezes AJ, Vanstone SA (eds) Advances in cryptology\u2014Proceedings of CRYPTO\u2019 90 (LNCS 537). Springer, Berlin, pp 437\u2013455"},{"issue":"4","key":"183_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1108\/09596111111129977","volume":"23","author":"RJ Harrington","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harrington RJ, Ottenbacher CM (2011) Strategic management. Int J Contemp Hosp Manag 23(4):439\u2013462","journal-title":"Int J Contemp Hosp Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"183_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-01-2018-0003","volume":"31","author":"A Hassi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hassi A (2019) Empowering leadership and management innovation in the hospitality industry context. Int J Contemp Hosp Manag 31(4):1785\u20131800","journal-title":"Int J Contemp Hosp Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"183_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.382.0472","volume":"32","author":"JC Henderson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Henderson JC, Venkatraman N (1993) Strategic alignment: leveraging information technology for transforming organizations. IBM Syst J 32(1):4\u201316","journal-title":"IBM Syst J"},{"key":"183_CR18","unstructured":"International Air Transport Association (IATA) (2018) Blockchain in Aviation - White Paper, Montr\u00e9al"},{"key":"183_CR19","unstructured":"International Data Corporation (2019)\u00a0Worldwide Semiannual Blockchain Spending Guide.\u00a0https:\/\/www.idc.com\/tracker\/showproductinfo.jsp?prod_id=1842"},{"issue":"1","key":"183_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2307\/249609","volume":"18","author":"WJ Kettinger","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kettinger WJ, Grover V, Guha S, Segars AH (1994) Strategic information systems revisited: a study in sustainability and performance. MIS Q 18(1):31\u201358","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"183_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5465\/19416521003691287","volume":"4","author":"D Lavie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lavie D, Stettner U, Ushman ML (2010) Exploration and exploitation within and across organizations. Acad Manag Ann 4(1):109\u2013155","journal-title":"Acad Manag Ann"},{"issue":"1","key":"183_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2.1.71","volume":"2","author":"JG March","year":"1991","unstructured":"March JG (1991) Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organ Sci 2(1):71\u201387","journal-title":"Organ Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"183_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3514","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-07-2017-0461","volume":"30","author":"M Mariani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mariani M, Baggio R, Fuchs M, H\u00f6pken W (2018) Business Intelligence and Big Data in Hospitality and Tourism: a Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 30(12):3514\u20133554","journal-title":"International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management"},{"key":"183_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2014.02.003","volume":"46","author":"B McKercher","year":"2014","unstructured":"McKercher B, Prideaux B (2014) Academic myths of tourism\u201d. Ann Tour Res 46:16\u201328","journal-title":"Ann Tour Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"183_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"N Mofokeng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mofokeng N, Fatima T (2018) Future tourism trends: utilizing non-fungible tokens to aid wildlife conservation. Afr J Hosp Tour Leis 7(4):1\u201320","journal-title":"Afr J Hosp Tour Leis"},{"key":"183_CR26","unstructured":"Nakamoto S (2008) Bitcoin: a peer-to peer electronic cash system. Retrieved December 2018, from https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/bitcoin.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"183_CR27","first-page":"71","volume":"24","author":"K Nam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nam K, Dutt SC, Chathoth P, Khan SM (2019) Blockchain technology for smart city and smart tourism: latest trends and challenges. J Asia Pac J Tour Res 24(5):71\u201387","journal-title":"J Asia Pac J Tour Res"},{"key":"183_CR28","volume-title":"Dynamical analogies","author":"HF Olson","year":"1943","unstructured":"Olson HF (1943) Dynamical analogies. Van Nostrand, New York"},{"key":"183_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2018.03.005","volume":"72","author":"I \u00d6nder","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u00d6nder I, Treiblmaier H (2018) Blockchain and tourism: three research propositions. Ann Tour Res 72:180\u2013182","journal-title":"Ann Tour Res"},{"key":"183_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-018-0727-4","volume":"53","author":"A Ozdemir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ozdemir A, Ar I, Erol I (2019) Assessment of blockchain applications in travel and tourism industry. Qual Quant 53:1\u201315","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"key":"183_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s40558-018-0138-3","volume":"21","author":"M \u00d6zturan","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u00d6zturan M, \u00c7eken B, Sar\u0131 B (2019) Evaluating the information systems integration maturity level of travel agencies. Inf Technol Tour 21:237\u2013257","journal-title":"Inf Technol Tour"},{"key":"183_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0198289774.001.0001","volume-title":"The theory of the growth of the firm","author":"E Penrose","year":"1995","unstructured":"Penrose E (1995) The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"issue":"2","key":"183_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1504\/IJITST.2017.087132","volume":"7","author":"M Pilkington","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pilkington M, Crudu R (2017) Blockchain and bitcoin as a way to lift a country out of poverty tourism 2.0 and e-governance in the Republic of Moldova\u201d. Int J Internet Technol Secur Trans 7(2):115\u2013143","journal-title":"Int J Internet Technol Secur Trans"},{"issue":"4","key":"183_CR34","first-page":"149","volume":"63","author":"ME Porter","year":"1985","unstructured":"Porter ME, Millar VE (1985) How information gives you competitive advantage. Harv Bus Rev 63(4):149\u2013160","journal-title":"Harv Bus Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"183_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327744JOCE1302_2","volume":"13","author":"G Premkumar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Premkumar G (2003) A meta-analysis of research on information technology implementation in small business. J Org Comput Electron Commerce 13(2):91\u2013121","journal-title":"J Org Comput Electron Commerce"},{"key":"183_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2020.104125","author":"W Rashideh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rashideh W (2020) Blockchain technology framework: current and future perspectives for the tourism industry. Tour Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tourman.2020.104125","journal-title":"Tour Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"183_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00010-1","volume":"40","author":"CK Riemenschneider","year":"2003","unstructured":"Riemenschneider CK, Harrison DA, Mykytyn PP (2003) Understanding IT adoption decisions in small business: integrating current theories. Inf Manag 40(4):269\u2013285","journal-title":"Inf Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"183_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.376","volume":"25","author":"FT Rothaermel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rothaermel FT, Deeds DL (2004) Exploration and exploitation alliances in biotechnology: a system of new product development. Strateg Manag J 25(3):201\u2013221","journal-title":"Strateg Manag J"},{"key":"183_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s40558-015-0049-5","volume":"16","author":"M Sabou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sabou M, Onder I, Brasoveanu AMP, Scharl A (2016) Towards cross-domain data analytics in tourism: a linked data based approach. Inf Technol Tour 16:71\u2013101","journal-title":"Inf Technol Tour"},{"key":"183_CR40","unstructured":"Statista (2019) Blockchain technology market size worldwide 2018-2023. Retrieved 14 April 2019 from https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/647231\/worldwide-blockchain-technology-market-size\/"},{"key":"183_CR41","volume-title":"Managing innovation: integrating technological, market and organizational change","author":"J Tidd","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tidd J, Bessant J, Pavitt K (1997) Managing innovation: integrating technological, market and organizational change, 5th edn. Wiley, New York","edition":"5"},{"key":"183_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05324-6_28-1","volume-title":"Handbook of e-Tourism","author":"H Treiblmaier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Treiblmaier H (2020) Blockchain and tourism. In: Xiang Z, Fuchs M, Gretzel U, H\u00f6pken W (eds) Handbook of e-Tourism. Springer, Berlin. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-05324-6_28-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"183_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.20867\/thm.21.2.7","volume":"21","author":"M Valeri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valeri M (2015) Sustainability development and competitiveness of Rome as a tourist destination. Tour Hosp Manag 21(2):203\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20867\/thm.21.2.7","journal-title":"Tour Hosp Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"183_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.376333","volume":"2","author":"M Valeri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Valeri M (2016) Networking and cooperation practices in the Italian tourism business. J Tour Herit Serv Mark 2(1):30\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.376333","journal-title":"J Tour Herit Serv Mark"},{"key":"183_CR45","volume-title":"Managing sustainable innovation","author":"M Valeri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valeri M (2019) Co-evolutionary prospects and sustainability. In: Ratten V, Ramirez Pasillas M, Lundberg M (eds) Managing sustainable innovation. Routledge, Abingdon (ISBN: 9780367210311)"},{"key":"183_CR46","volume-title":"Entrepreneurship and organizational change: managing innovation and creative capabilities","author":"M Valeri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valeri M (2020) Blockchain technology: adoption perspectives in tourism. In: Ratten V (ed) Entrepreneurship and organizational change: managing innovation and creative capabilities. Springer, Berlin (ISBN: 978-3-030-35414-5)"},{"issue":"9","key":"183_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5539\/ijbm.v13n9p95","volume":"13","author":"M Valeri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valeri M, Fadlon L (2018) Co-Evolutionary Prospects in Tourism. Int J Bus Manage 13(9):95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/ijbm.v13n9p95","journal-title":"Int J Bus Manage"},{"key":"183_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOA-12-2019-1971","author":"M Valeri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valeri M, Baggio R (2020a) Social network analysis: organizational implications in tourism management. Int J Organ Anal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJOA-12-2019-1971","journal-title":"Int J Organ Anal"},{"key":"183_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2020.1777950","author":"M Valeri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valeri M, Baggio R (2020b) Italian tourism intermediaries: a social network analysis exploration. Curr Issues Tourism. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13683500.2020.1777950","journal-title":"Curr Issues Tourism"},{"key":"183_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22328","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2896108","volume":"7","author":"W Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang W, Hoang DT, Hu P, Xiong Z, Niyato D, Wang P, Wen Y, Kim DI (2019) A survey on consensus mechanisms and mining strategy management in Blockchain networks. IEEE Access 7:22328\u201322370","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"183_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250050207","volume":"5","author":"B Wernerfelt","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wernerfelt B (1984) A resource-based view of the firm. Strategy Manag J 5(2):171\u2013180","journal-title":"Strategy Manag J"},{"issue":"1","key":"183_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40558-014-0021-9","volume":"15","author":"H Werthner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Werthner H, Alzua-Sorzabal A, Cantoni L, Dickinger A, Gretzel U, Jannach D, Neidhardt J, Pr\u00f6ll B, Ricci F, Scaglione M, Stangl B, Stock O, Zanker M (2015) Future research issues in IT and tourism. Inf Technol Tour 15(1):1\u201315","journal-title":"Inf Technol Tour"},{"key":"183_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmp.2017.11.023","volume":"25","author":"Z Xiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xiang Z (2018) From digitization to the age of acceleration: on information technology and tourism. Tour Manag Perspect 25:147\u2013150","journal-title":"Tour Manag Perspect"}],"container-title":["Information Technology & Tourism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40558-020-00183-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40558-020-00183-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40558-020-00183-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T23:51:36Z","timestamp":1625010696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40558-020-00183-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40558-020-00183-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-3058","1943-4294"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-3058","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-4294","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"We have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}