{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:08:32Z","timestamp":1779080912957,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4555,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,11]],"date-time":"2013-10-11T14:10:25Z","timestamp":1381500625000},"page":"71-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Problem Order Implications for Learning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William W.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Koedinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3233\/IRG-2009-19(2)02","article-title":"A new paradigm for intelligent tutoring systems: example-tracing tutors","volume":"19","author":"Aleven","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib2","series-title":"Rules of the mind","author":"Anderson","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1990.10735507","article-title":"A note on the relationship between task requirements and the contextual interference effect","volume":"22","author":"Carnahan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Motor Behavior"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the design of computer supports for reciprocal tutoring","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90004-2","article-title":"Perception in chess","volume":"4","author":"Chase","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1982.55.1.171","article-title":"Effects of contextual interference on the memory of older females differing in levels of physical activity","volume":"55","author":"Del Rey","year":"1982","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022858530318","article-title":"Learning at the knowledge level","volume":"1","author":"Dietterich","year":"1986","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(82)90020-0","article-title":"Rete: a fast algorithm for the many pattern\/many object pattern match problem","volume":"19","author":"Forgy","year":"1982","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligences"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1990.71.1.179","article-title":"Effects of contextual interference on retention of three volleyball skills","volume":"71","author":"French","year":"1990","journal-title":"Peceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(87)90019-4","article-title":"Practice schedule effects on the acquisition and retention of a motor skill","volume":"6","author":"Gabriele","year":"1987","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.2350030108","article-title":"Practice schedule and cognitive style interaction in learning a maze task","volume":"3","author":"Jelsma","year":"1989","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1404_2","article-title":"Abstract planning and perceptual chunks: elements of expertise in geometry","volume":"14","author":"Koedinger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib13","unstructured":"Koedinger, K.R., Baker, R.SJ., Cunningham, K., Skogsholm, A., Leber, B., Stamper, J. (2010). A data repository for the EDM community: the PSLC DataShop. Handbook of educational data mining (pp. 43\u201355)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(87)90050-6","article-title":"Soar: an architecture for general intelligence","volume":"33","author":"Laird","year":"1987","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib15","unstructured":"Langley, P., & Choi, D. (2006). A unified cognitive architecture for physical agents. In Proceedings of the twenty-first national conference on artificial intelligence (pp. 1469\u20131474)."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, T., & Weld, D.S. (1998). Programming by demonstration: An inductive learning formulation. In Proceedings of the 1999 international conference on intelligence user interfaces (pp. 145\u2013152).","DOI":"10.1145\/291080.291104"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.9.4.730","article-title":"The locus of contextual interference in motor-skill acquisition","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal Of Experimental Psychology, Learning Memory And Cognition"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., Cohen, W.W., Koedinger, K.R. (2010). A computational model of accelerated future learning through feature recognition. In Proceedings of 10th international conference on intelligent tutoring systems (pp. 368\u2013370).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13437-1_73"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib19","unstructured":"Li, N., Cohen, W.W., Matsuda, N., Koedinger, K.R. (2011). A machine learning approach for automatic student model discovery. In Proceedings of the 4th international conference on educational data mining (pp. 31\u201340)."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., Cohen, W.W., Koedinger, K.R. (2012a). Efficient cross-domain learning of complex skills. In Proceedings of the 11th international conference on intelligent tutoring systems (pp. 493\u2013498).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30950-2_63"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib21","first-page":"109","article-title":"Improving acquisition of teleoreactive logic programs through representation change","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Cognitive Systems"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib22","unstructured":"Li, N., Cohen, W.W., Koedinger, K.R. (2012c). Integrating representation learning and skill learning in a human-like intelligent agent. Technical Report CMU-MLD-12-1001, Carnegie Mellon University."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., Tian, Y., Cohen, W.W., Koedinger, K.R. (2013). Integrating perceptual learning with external world knowledge in a simulated student. In 16th international conference on artificial intelligence in education (pp. 400\u2013410).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39112-5_41"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuda, N., Cohen, W.W., Sewall, J., Lacerda, G., Koedinger, K.R. (2008). Why tutored problem solving may be better than example study: Theoretical implications from a simulated-student study. In Proceedings of the 9th international conference on intelligent tutoring system (pp. 111\u2013121).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69132-7_16"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib25","unstructured":"McLaren, B.M., Lim, S.-j., Koedinger, K.R. (2008). When and how often should worked examples be given to students? New results and a summary of the current state of research why isn\u2019t the science done? Cognitive Science, 2176\u20132181."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(82)90040-6","article-title":"Generalization as search","volume":"18","author":"Mitchell","year":"1982","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00028-7","article-title":"Task switching","volume":"7","author":"Monsell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/0743-1066(94)90035-3","article-title":"Inductive logic programming: theory and methods","volume":"19","author":"Muggleton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Logic Programming"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohlsson, S. (2008). Computational models of skill acquisition, chapter 13 (pp. 359\u2013395). Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816772.017"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib30","first-page":"178","article-title":"The competence of learning companion agents","volume":"9","author":"Pentti Hietala","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022699322624","article-title":"Learning logical definitions from relations","volume":"5","author":"Quinlan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.102.2.305","article-title":"Simulation of expert memory using EPAM IV","volume":"102","author":"Richman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1996.10607926","article-title":"The contextual interference effect in parameter modifications of the same generalized motor program","volume":"67","author":"Sekiya","year":"1996","journal-title":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.5.2.179","article-title":"Contextual interference effects on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a motor skill","volume":"5","author":"Shea","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning Memory"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stampfer, E., Long, Y., Aleven, V., Koedinger, K.R. (2011). Eliciting intelligent novice behaviors with grounded feedback in a fraction addition tutor. In Proceedings of the 15th international conference on artificial intelligence in education, AIED\u201911 (pp. 560\u2013562). Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21869-9_101"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/00222899809601332","article-title":"Contextual interference in learning new patterns of bimanual coordination","volume":"30","author":"Tsutsui","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Motor Behavior"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(87)90080-4","article-title":"Learning one subprocedure per lesson","volume":"31","author":"VanLehn","year":"1987","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib38","series-title":"Mind bugs: The origins of procedural misconceptions","author":"VanLehn","year":"1990"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196276","article-title":"Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skill learning","volume":"9","author":"Wulf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(93)90005-A","article-title":"Contextual interference and motor skill acquisition: on the processes that influence retention","volume":"12","author":"Young","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S156042922600154X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S156042922600154X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:01:26Z","timestamp":1779080486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S156042922600154X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S156042922600154X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1560-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1560-4292","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Problem Order Implications for Learning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-013-0005-5","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 International Artificial Intelligence in Education Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}