{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:31:21Z","timestamp":1782862281258,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3712,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T17:39:19Z","timestamp":1448991559000},"page":"512-535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Reciprocal Tutoring: Design with Cognitive Load Sharing"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Chih-Yueh","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tak-Wai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0402_2","article-title":"Cognitive tutors: lessons learned","volume":"4","author":"Anderson","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib2","series-title":"The jigsaw classroom","author":"Aronson","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib3","unstructured":"Atkins, D. E., Bennett, J., Brown, J. S., Chopra, A., Dede, C., Fishman, B., et al. (2010). National educational technology plan 2010, draft, office of educational technology. U.S. Department of Education."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib4","first-page":"185","article-title":"Why students engage in \u201cgaming the system\u201d behavior in interactive learning environments","volume":"19","author":"Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Interactive Learning Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.72.5.593","article-title":"On the cognitive benefits of teaching","volume":"72","author":"Bargh","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327809JLS1203_1","article-title":"When smart groups fail","volume":"12","author":"Barron","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/08839510590910200","article-title":"Learning by teaching: a new agent paradigm for educational software","volume":"19","author":"Biswas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Applied Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X013006004","article-title":"The 2 sigma problem: the search for methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one Tutoring","volume":"13","author":"Bloom","year":"1984","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Supporting learning with open learner models","volume":"29","author":"Bull","year":"2004","journal-title":"Planning"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3233\/IRG-2007-17(2)02","article-title":"Student models that invite the learner in: the SMILI: open learner modelling framework","volume":"17","author":"Bull","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(79)80003-6","article-title":"An investigation of computer coaching for informal learning activities","volume":"11","author":"Burton","year":"1979","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib12","series-title":"Proceedings of the 12th international conference on artificial intelligence","first-page":"1094","article-title":"Integration-kid: A learning companion system","author":"Chan","year":"1991"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2009.00342.x","article-title":"How East Asian classrooms may change over the next 20 years","volume":"26","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib14","unstructured":"Chan, T. W., Baskin, A. B. \u201cStudying with the prince\" the computer as a learning companion, 1988. Canada: Montreal."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the design of computer supports for reciprocal tutoring","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, T. W., Chung, Y. L., Ho, R. G., Hou, W. J., & Lin, G. L. (1992). Distributed learning companion systems - WEST revisited. In C. Frasson, G. Gauthier & G. McCalla (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 608, pp. 643\u2013650), Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-55606-0_74"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00044-6","article-title":"Four spaces of network learning models","volume":"37","author":"Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.58459\/rptel.2006.13-29","article-title":"One-to-one technology-enhanced learning: an opportunity for global research collaboration","volume":"1","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(03)00002-2","article-title":"EduXs: multilayer educational services platforms","volume":"41","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib20","first-page":"283","article-title":"Facilitating learning preferences and motivation of different ability students for social-competition or self-competition","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3233\/IRG-2007-17(2)04","article-title":"Active open learner models as animal companions: motivating children to learn through interacting with my-pet and our-pet","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2011.01174.x","article-title":"Substitutive competition: virtual pets as competitive buffers to alleviate possible negative influence on pupils","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib23","first-page":"111","article-title":"Level up, my-pet: the effects of level-up mechanism of educational agents on student learning","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib24","first-page":"680","article-title":"Tangible animal companions in traditional Chinese character learning","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 22th International Conference on Computer in Education (ICCE 2014)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2504_1","article-title":"Learning from human tutoring","volume":"25","author":"Chi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib26","unstructured":"Chou, C. Y., Lin, C. J. & Chan, T. W. (1999). User modeling in simulating learning companions. Proceedings of AI-ED 99, 9th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, (pp. 277\u2013284), Le Mans, France."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2002.1047774","article-title":"An approach of implementing general learning companions for problem solving","volume":"14","author":"Chou","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-7051(02)00025-4","article-title":"An approach to developing computational supports for reciprocal tutoring","volume":"15","author":"Chou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(02)00130-6","article-title":"Redefining the learning companion: the past, present, and future of educational agents","volume":"40","author":"Chou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.06.005","article-title":"Complementary machine intelligence and human intelligence in virtual teaching assistant for tutoring program tracing","volume":"57","author":"Chou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib31","series-title":"The psychology of optimal experience","author":"Csikszentmihalyi","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib32","first-page":"337","article-title":"Implementation of motivational tactics in tutoring systems","volume":"6","author":"Del Solato","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1177\/001440298605200606","article-title":"Classwide peer tutoring","volume":"52","author":"Delquadri","year":"1986","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib34","unstructured":"Dillenbourg, P. (2002). Over-scripting CSCL: The risks of blending collaborative learning with instructional design. Three worlds of CSCL. Can we support CSCL?, Nederland, Heerlen, 61\u201391."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-009-9116-9","article-title":"Using intelligent tutor technology to implement adaptive support for student collaboration","volume":"22","author":"Diziol","year":"2010","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2011.01280.x","article-title":"Peer tutoring with the aid of the internet","volume":"44","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib37","series-title":"The conditions of learning","author":"Gagne","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greer, J., & Mark, M. (2015). Evaluation methods for intelligent tutoring systems revisited. Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education in press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0043-2"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib39","series-title":"Student modelling: The key to individualized knowledge-based instruction","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib40","first-page":"159","article-title":"Supporting peer help and collaboration in distributed workplace environments","volume":"9","author":"Greer","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib41","first-page":"178","article-title":"The competence of learning companion agents","volume":"9","author":"Hietala","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib42","unstructured":"Hiltz, S. R. (1994). The virtual classroom: Learning without limits Via computer networks. Intellect Ltd.."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, S. H., Chou, C. Y., Chen, F. C., Wang, Y. K., & Chan, T. W. (2007). An investigation of the differences between robot and virtual learning companions\u2019 influences on students\u2019 engagement. Proceedings of the First IEEE International Workshop on Digital Game and Intelligent Toy Enhanced Learning (DIGITEL 2007), 41\u201348.","DOI":"10.1109\/DIGITEL.2007.10"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib44","first-page":"47","article-title":"Animated pedagogical agents: face-to-face interaction in interactive learning environments","volume":"11","author":"Johnson","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022858115001","article-title":"Transactive peer tutoring: distributing cognition and metacognition","volume":"10","author":"King","year":"1998","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.90.1.134","article-title":"Mutual peer tutoring: effects of structuring tutorial interaction to scaffold peer learning","volume":"90","author":"King","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinnebrew, J. S., Biswas, G., Sulcer, B., & Taylor, R. S. (2013). Investigating self-regulated learning in teachable agent environments. In International Handbook of Metacognition and Learning Technologies (pp. 451\u2013470). Springer New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5546-3_29"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-007-9014-4","article-title":"Specifying computer-supported collaboration scripts","volume":"2","author":"Kobbe","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib49","series-title":"The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences","article-title":"Cognitive tutors: technology bringing learning science to the classroom","author":"Koedinger","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-006-9007-2","article-title":"Collaboration scripts\u2013a conceptual analysis","volume":"18","author":"Kollar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3233\/IRG-2008-18(3)02","article-title":"Designing learning by teaching agents: the betty\u2019s brain system","volume":"18","author":"Leelawong","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2011.2","article-title":"Adaptive and intelligent systems for collaborative learning support: a review of the field","volume":"4","author":"Magnisalis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Learning Technologies, IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib53","article-title":"Evaluation methodologies for intelligent tutoring systems","volume":"4","author":"Mark","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib54","series-title":"Proceedings of the international conference on intelligent tutoring systems","first-page":"317","article-title":"Learning by teaching simstudent: technical accomplishments and an initial use with students","author":"Matsuda","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0009-1","article-title":"Studying the effect of a competitive game show in a learning by teaching environment","volume":"23","author":"Matsuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib56","unstructured":"Mayer-Sch\u00f6nberger, V., & Cukier, K. (2014). Learning with Big data: The future of education. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib57","first-page":"98","article-title":"Authoring intelligent tutoring systems: an analysis of the state of the art","volume":"10","author":"Murray","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib58","unstructured":"Nichols, D. M. (1994). Issues in designing learning by teaching systems. In P. Brusilovsky, S. Dikareva, J. Greer, & V. Petrushin (Eds.) Proceedings of the East-West International Conference on Computer Technologies in Education (EW-ED\u201994), (Vol. 1, pp. 176\u2013181), Crimea, Ukraine."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69744-2_4","article-title":"ARGarden: augmented edutainment system with a learning companion","volume":"5080","author":"Oh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transactions on Edutainment I, LNCS"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.09.018","article-title":"Learning from the folly of others: learning to self-correct by monitoring the reasoning of virtual characters in a computer-supported mathematics learning environment","volume":"71","author":"Okita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/10508406.2013.807263","article-title":"Learning by teaching human pupils and teachable agents: the importance of recursive feedback","volume":"22","author":"Okita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0102_1","article-title":"Reciprocal teaching of comprehension-fostering and comprehension-monitoring activities","volume":"1","author":"Palinscar","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cognition and Instruction"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib63","first-page":"357","article-title":"Learning by teaching","author":"Palthepu","year":"1991","journal-title":"The proceedings of the international conference on the learning sciences, AACE"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls1303_6","article-title":"The social and technological dimensions of scaffolding and related theoretical concepts for learning, education, and human activity","volume":"13","author":"Pea","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1119\/1.19130","article-title":"Teaching scientific thinking skills: students and computers coaching each other","volume":"67","author":"Reif","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Physics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls1303_2","article-title":"Scaffolding complex learning: the mechanisms of structuring and problematizing student work","volume":"13","author":"Reiser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4752(94)00015-H","article-title":"Learning for later teaching: an exploration of mediational links between teaching expectancy and learning results","volume":"5","author":"Renkl","year":"1995","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410123903","article-title":"Reciprocal peer tutoring: Re-examining the value of a co-operative learning technique to college students and instructors","volume":"21","author":"Rittschof","year":"2001","journal-title":"Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654307309920","article-title":"Understanding tutor learning: knowledge-building and knowledge-telling in peer tutors\u2019 explanations and questions","volume":"77","author":"Roscoe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-007-9034-5","article-title":"Tutor learning: the role of explaining and responding to questions","volume":"36","author":"Roscoe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib71","first-page":"643","article-title":"Design and implementation of scenario language for cyber teaching assistant","volume":"2","author":"Shindo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of Enhancement of Quality Learning Through Information & Communication Technology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011). Cognitive load theory. Springer New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8126-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00138870","article-title":"The effectiveness of peer tutoring in further and higher education: a typology and review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Topping","year":"1996","journal-title":"Higher Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib74","first-page":"405","article-title":"Steps: a simulated, tutorable physics student!","volume":"6","author":"Ur","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3233\/IRG-2004-14(2)03","article-title":"Expertise, motivation and teaching in learning companion systems","volume":"14","author":"Uresti","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2011.611369","article-title":"The relative effectiveness of human tutoring, intelligent tutoring systems, and other tutoring systems","volume":"46","author":"Vanlehn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib77","article-title":"Applications of simulated students: an exploration","volume":"5","author":"Vanlehn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib78","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-011-9111-2","article-title":"Designing automated adaptive support to improve student helping behaviors in a peer tutoring activity","volume":"6","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0001-9","article-title":"Adaptive intelligent support to improve peer tutoring in algebra","volume":"24","author":"Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0266-4909.2003.00046.x","article-title":"Reciprocal tutoring using cognitive tools","volume":"19","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7_bib82","series-title":"Building intelligent interactive tutors: student-centered strategies for revolutionizing e-learning","author":"Woolf","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226004129?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226004129?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:39:46Z","timestamp":1779086386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1560429226004129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1560429226004129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1560-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1560-4292","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Reciprocal Tutoring: Design with Cognitive Load Sharing","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-015-0083-7","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 International Artificial Intelligence in Education Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}