{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T07:09:53Z","timestamp":1779088193040,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2982,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,5]],"date-time":"2016-12-05T15:02:13Z","timestamp":1480950133000},"page":"29-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Wise Crowd Content Assessment and Educational Rubrics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Passonneau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ananya","family":"Poddar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Gite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Krivokapic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Perin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR1","unstructured":"Attali, Y., & Burstein, J. (2006). Automated essay scoring with e-rater\u00ae V. 2. Journal of Technology Learning and Assessment, 4(3), 3\u201339."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543074001029","article-title":"The effects of school-based writing-to-learn interventions on academic achievement: A meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Bangert-Drowns","year":"2004","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-007-9107-5","article-title":"Syntactic complexity as a predictor of adolescent writing quality: Which measures? which genre?","volume":"22","author":"Beers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-010-9264-9","article-title":"Writing development in four genres from grades three to seven: syntactic complexity and genre differentiation","volume":"24","author":"Beers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR5","unstructured":"Beigman-Klebanov, B. (2015). Towards automated evaluation of writing along STEM-relevant dimensions. MARWiSE: Multidisciplinary Advances in Reading and Writing for Science Education Workshop. May 7-8, 2015, Columbia University."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beigman-Klebanov, B., Madnani, N., Burstein, J., & Somasundaran, S. (2014). Content importance models for scoring writing from sources. In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers), pages 247\u2013252.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-2041"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.20402","article-title":"A learning progression for scientific argumentation: Understanding student work and designing supportive instructional contexts","volume":"94","author":"Berland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(83)80002-4","article-title":"Macrorules for summarizing texts: The development of expertise","volume":"22","author":"Brown","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.2307\/1129901","article-title":"The development of plans for summarizing texts","volume":"54","author":"Brown","year":"1983","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burstein, J., Elliot, N., & Molloy, H. (2016). Informing automated writing evaluation using the lens of genre: Two studies. CALICO Journal, 33(1).","DOI":"10.1558\/cj.v33i1.26374"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR11","unstructured":"Burstein, J., Kukich, K., Wolff, S., Lu, C., & Chodorow, M. (1998). Enriching automated essay scoring using discourse marking. In Stede, M., Wanner, L., & Hovy, E. (Eds.) Workshop on Discourse Relations and Discourse Marking, pages 15\u201321. Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532690XCI1903_2","article-title":"Support of content and rhetorical processes of writing: Effects on the writing process and the written product","volume":"19","author":"Butcher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cognition and Instruction"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284","article-title":"Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology","volume":"6","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychologial Assessment"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corro, L.D., & Gemulla, R. (2013). ClausIE: Clause-based open information extraction. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW \u201913), pages 355\u2013366.","DOI":"10.1145\/2488388.2488420"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0303_3","article-title":"Teaching summarization skills: Influences of student ability level and strategy difficulty","volume":"3","author":"Day","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cognition and Instruction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asw.2012.10.002","article-title":"On the relation between automated essay scoring and modern views of the writing construct","volume":"18","author":"Deane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Assessing Writing"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deane, P., Odendahl, N., Quinlan, T., Fowles, M., Welsh, C., & Bivens-Tatum, J. (2008). Cognitive models of writing: Writing proficiency as a complex integrated skill. Technical Report 2, ETS Research Report Series, Princeton, NJ.","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2333-8504.2008.tb02141.x"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fellbaum, C. (Ed.) (1998). WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7287.001.0001"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR19","unstructured":"Foltz, P.W., Laham, D., & Landauer, T.K. (1999). The Intelligent Essay Assessor: Applications to educational technology. Interactive Multimedia Electronic Journal of Computer-Enhanced Learning, 1(2)."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312022004549","article-title":"Text summarization deficiencies among older students: Awareness or production ability","volume":"22","author":"Garner","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Educational Research Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000052","article-title":"Automated guidance for student inquiry","volume":"108","author":"Gerard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/02702710902733600","article-title":"Understanding and integrating multiple science texts: Summary tasks are sometimes better than argument tasks","volume":"31","author":"Gil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reading Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-013-9494-8","article-title":"High school teachers\u2019 use of writing to support students\u2019 learning: a national survey","volume":"27","author":"Gillespie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR24","series-title":"The nation\u2019s report card: Reading 2009. Technical Report NCES 2010-458","author":"Glymph","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR25","series-title":"The nation\u2019s report card: Reading 2012. Technical Report NCES 2012-457","author":"Glymph","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR26","series-title":"The nation\u2019s report card: A first look: 2013 mathematics and reading. Technical Report NCES 2014-451","author":"Glymph","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-013-9495-7","article-title":"Teaching writing to middle school students: a national survey","volume":"27","author":"Graham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, S., & Perin, D. (2007a). A meta-analysis of writing instruction for adolescent students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(3), 445\u2013476.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.99.3.445"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR29","unstructured":"Graham, S., & Perin, D. (2007b). Writing next: Effective strategies to improve writing of adolescents in middle and high schools. New York: Technical report, Carnegie Corporation of New York."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR30","unstructured":"Guo, W., & Diab, M. (2012). Modeling sentences in the latent space. In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pages 864\u2013872."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.10128","article-title":"Exploring students\u2019 responses to conceptual questions when engaged with planned writing experiences: A study with year 10 science students","volume":"41","author":"Hand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, S., Hastings, P., Magliano, J., Goldman, S., & Lawless, K. (2012). Automated approaches for detecting integration in student essays. In Automated approaches for detecting integration in student essays. Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30950-2_35"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(70)80003-2","article-title":"Recall of prose as a function of the structural importance of the linguistic units","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17239\/jowr-2008.01.01.1","article-title":"Training writing skills: a cognitive development perspective","volume":"1","author":"Kellogg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Writing Research"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kharkwal, G., & Muresan, S. (2014). Surprisal as a predictor of essay quality. In Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications, pages 54\u201360.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-1807"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kintsch, W., & van Dijk, T.A. (1978). Toward a model of text comprehension and production. Psychological Review, 85, 364\u2013394.","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.85.5.363"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.45.4.4","article-title":"Teaching argument and explanation to prepare junior students for writing to learn","volume":"45","author":"Klein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR38","series-title":"Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology","author":"Krippendorff","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.3800020109","article-title":"The Hungarian Method for the assignment problem","volume":"2","author":"Kuhn","year":"1955","journal-title":"Naval Research Logistics Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025779619903","article-title":"C-rater: Automated scoring of short-answer questions","volume":"37","author":"Leacock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Computers and the Humanities"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR41","unstructured":"Lin, C.-Y. (2004). ROUGE: a package for automatic evaluation of summaries. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Text Summarization Branches Out (WAS 2004)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/emip.12028","article-title":"Automated scoring of constructed-response science items: Propsects and obstacles","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louis, A., & Nenkova, A. (2009). Automatically evaluating content selection in summarization without human models. In Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 306\u2013314, Singapore. Association for Computational Linguistics.","DOI":"10.3115\/1699510.1699550"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00123","article-title":"Automatically assessing machine summary content without a gold standard","volume":"39","author":"Louis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X., & Hovy, E.H. (2016). End-to-end sequence labeling via bi-directional LSTM-CNNs-CRF. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL). To Appear.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1101"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.4.615","article-title":"Strategic processing during comprehension","volume":"91","author":"Magliano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR47","series-title":"Building bridges to college and careers: Contextualized basic skills programs at community colleges. Technical report","author":"Mazzeo","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR48","unstructured":"Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G., & Dean, J. (2013). Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR49","unstructured":"NCES (2012). The nation\u2019s report card: Writing 2011."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR50","unstructured":"Nenkova, A., & Passonneau, R.J. (2004). Evaluating content selection in summarization: The pyramid method. In Susan Dumais, D.M., & Roukos, S. (Eds.) HLT-NAACL 2004: Main Proceedings, pages 145\u2013152, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nenkova, A., Passonneau, R.J., & McKeown, K. (2007). The pyramid method: incorporating human content selection variation in summarization evaluation. ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing, 4(2).","DOI":"10.1145\/1233912.1233913"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.10066","article-title":"How literacy in its fundamental sense is central to scientific literacy","volume":"87","author":"Norris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037549","article-title":"The relationship of discourse and topic knowledge to fifth graders\u2019 writing performance","volume":"107","author":"Olinghouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-012-9392-5","article-title":"The relationship between vocabulary and writing quality in three genres","volume":"26","author":"Olinghouse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR55","unstructured":"Owczarzak, K., Conroy, J.M., Dang, H.T., & Nenkova, A. (2012). An assessment of the accuracy of automatic evaluation in summarization. In Proceedings of Workshop on Evaluation Metrics and System Comparison for Automatic Summarization, pages 1\u20139. Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR56","first-page":"238","article-title":"The imminence of grading essays by computer","volume":"47","author":"Page","year":"1966","journal-title":"Phi Delta Kappan"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01419938","article-title":"The use of the computer in analyzing student essays","volume":"14","author":"Page","year":"1968","journal-title":"International Review of Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.1994.9943835","article-title":"Computer grading of student prose, using modern concepts and software","volume":"62","author":"Page","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Journal of experimental education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00185","article-title":"The benefits of a model of annotation","volume":"2","author":"Passonneau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passonneau, R.J. (2006). Measuring agreement on set-valued items (masi) for semantic and pragmatic annotation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pages 831\u2013836, Genoa, Italy.","DOI":"10.63317\/4nuo6thi27ax"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324909005051","article-title":"Formal and functional assessment of the pyramid method for summary content evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Passonneau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passonneau, R.J., Baker, C.F., Fellbaum, C., & Ide, N. (2012). The masc word sense corpus. In Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC \u201912). European Language Resources Association (ELRA).","DOI":"10.63317\/3qsutk5wkgwj"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR63","unstructured":"Passonneau, R.J., Chen, E., Guo, W., & Perin, D. (2013). Automated pyramid scoring of summaries using distributional semantics. In Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers), pages 143\u2013147, Sofia, Bulgaria. Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR64","unstructured":"Passonneau, R.J., Goodkind, A., & Levy, E. (2007). Annotation of children\u2019s oral narrations: Modeling emergent narrative skills for computational applications. In Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Meeting of the Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society (FLAIRS-20), pages 253\u2013258."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR65","unstructured":"Passonneau, R.J., McKeown, K., & Sigelman, S. (2006). Applying the pyramid method in the 2006 Document Understanding Conference. In Proceedings of the 2006 Workshop of the Document Understanding Conference (DUC)."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR66","unstructured":"Passonneau, R.J., Nenkova, A., McKeown, K., & Sigelman, S. (2005). Applying the pyramid method in DUC 2005. In Proceedings of the 2005 Workshop of the Document Understanding Conference (DUC)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/10790195.2013.10850365","article-title":"A contextualized curricular supplement for developmental reading and writing","volume":"43","author":"Perin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of College Reading and Learning"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR68","series-title":"The nation\u2019s report card: Writing 2002. Technical Report NCES 2003-529","author":"Persky","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR69","unstructured":"Pilehvar, M.T., Jurgens, D., & Navigli, R. (2013). Align, disambiguate and walk: A unified approach for measuring semantic similarity. In Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 1341\u20131351, Sofia, Bulgaria. Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2010.01450.x","article-title":"Computer-based scaffolding to facilitate students\u2019 development of expertise in academic writing","volume":"35","author":"Proske","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Reading"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR71","unstructured":"Qazvinian, V., & Radev, D.R. (2012). A computational analysis of collective discourse. In Proceedings of the 2012 Conference on Collective Intelligence, Cambridge MA."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR72","first-page":"8","article-title":"Engaging students in the scientific practices of explanation and argumentation","volume":"49","author":"Reiser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science and Children"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roscoe, R.D., Allen, L.K., Weston, J.L., Crossley, S.A., & McNamara, D.S. (2015a). The Writing Pal intelligent tutoring system: Usability testing and development. Computers and Composition, 34, 39\u201359.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compcom.2014.09.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032340","article-title":"Writing Pal: Feasibility of an intelligent writing strategy tutor in the high school classroom","volume":"105","author":"Roscoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR75","unstructured":"Roscoe, R.D., Snow, E.L., Allen, L.K., & McNamara, D.S. (2015b). Automated detection of essay revising patterns: applications for intelligent feedback in a writing tutor. Technology, Instruction, Cognition, and Learning, 10(1), 59\u201379."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3233\/IRG-2005-15(4)04","article-title":"An evaluation of a hybrid language understanding approach for robust selection of tutoring goals","volume":"15","author":"Ros\u00e9","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR77","unstructured":"Rudner, L.M., Garcia, V., & Welch, C. (2006). An evaluation of Intellimetric T M essay scoring system. The Journal of Technology Learning and Assessment, 4(4)."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR78","unstructured":"Saggion, H., Torres-Moreno, J.-M., da Cunha, I., SanJuan, E., & Vel\u00e1zquez-Morales, P. (2010). Multilingual summarization evaluation without human models. In Proceedings of Coling 2010, pages 1059\u20131067."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-218X(02)00205-6","article-title":"A note on greedy algorithms for the maximum weighted independent set problem","volume":"126","author":"Sakai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Discrete Applied Mathematics"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR80","series-title":"The nation\u2019s report card: Writing 2007. Technical Report NCES 2008-468","author":"Salahu-Din","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.21069","article-title":"Writing to learn by learning to write during the school science laboratory: Helping middle and high school students develop argumentative writing skills as they learn core ideas","volume":"97","author":"Sampson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR82","series-title":"Handbook of Automated Essay Evaluation: Current Applications and Future Directions","author":"Shermis","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR83","series-title":"WISE Science","author":"Slotta","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR84","series-title":"The Wisdom of Crowds","author":"Surowiecki","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR85","unstructured":"Teufel, S., & van Halteren, H. (2004). Evaluating information content by factoid analysis: Human annotation and stability. In Lin, D., & Wu, D. (Eds.) Proceedings of EMNLP 2004, pages 419\u2013426, Barcelona, Spain. Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR86","series-title":"The propositional analysis system. Technical Report 87-2, University of Colorado","author":"Turner","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR87","series-title":"The construction and use of a propositional analysis system. Technical Report JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, no. 1713","author":"Turner","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Dijk, T.A., & Kintsch, W. (1977). Cognitive psychology and discourse: Recalling and summarizing stories. In Dressier, W.U. (Ed.) Trends in text-linguistics, pages 61\u201380. De Gruyter, New York.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110853759.61"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR89","unstructured":"van Dijk, T.A., & Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of Discourse Comprehension. New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VanLehn, K., Jordan, P., & Ros\u00e9, C.P. (2002). The architecture of Why2-Atlas: a coach for qualitative physics essay writing. In Cerri, S.A., Gouarderes, G., & Paraguacu, F. (Eds.) Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 2002: 6th International Conference, pages 158\u2013167, Berlin. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-47987-2_20"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0b013e3181ff5a88","article-title":"Summarizing expository texts","volume":"30","author":"Westby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Topics in Language Disorders"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR92","unstructured":"Wiemer-Hastings, P., Wiemer-Hastings, K., & Graesser, A.C. (1999). Improving an intelligent tutor\u2019s comprehension of students with latent semantic analysis. In Lajoie, S.P., & Vivet, M. (Eds.) Artificial Intelligence in Education, pages 535\u2013542. IOS Press, Amsterdam."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0720(199611)10:7<63::AID-ACP438>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"The effects of playing historian on learning in history","volume":"10","author":"Wiley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Passonneau, R.J., & de Melo, G. (2016). PEAK: Pyramid evaluation via automated knowledge extraction. In Proceedings of the 30th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2016). AAAI Press.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.10336"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.20008","article-title":"Scientists\u2019 views of science, models of writing, and science writing practices","volume":"41","author":"Yore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6_CR96","series-title":"Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort","author":"Zipf","year":"1949"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226006608?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226006608?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:44:33Z","timestamp":1779086673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1560429226006608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1560429226006608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1560-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1560-4292","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Wise Crowd Content Assessment and Educational Rubrics","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-016-0128-6","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2016 International Artificial Intelligence in Education Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}