{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T01:15:59Z","timestamp":1782522959614,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2798,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]],"date-time":"2017-11-27T16:39:55Z","timestamp":1511800795000},"page":"385-419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["A Multimodal Analysis of Making"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2982-0040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Worsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Blikstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"April","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2168-9830.1998.tb00332.x","article-title":"Verbal protocol analysis as a method to document engineering student design processes","volume":"87","author":"Atman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-694X(98)00031-3","article-title":"A comparison of freshman and senior engineering design processes","volume":"20","author":"Atman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Design Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2004.09.005","article-title":"Comparing freshman and senior engineering design processes: An in-depth follow-up study","volume":"26","author":"Atman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Design Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR4","first-page":"3","article-title":"The state of educational data mining in 2009: A review and future visions","volume":"1","author":"Baker","year":"2009","journal-title":"JEDM-Journal of Educational Data Mining"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2307\/3192667","article-title":"Learning as reflective conversation with materials: Notes from work in progress","volume":"36","author":"Bamberger","year":"1983","journal-title":"Art Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR6","unstructured":"Barron, B., Pea, R., & Engle, R. (2013). Advancing understanding of collaborative learning with data derived from video records. The International Handbook of Collaborative Learning (pp. 203\u2013219). New York: Taylor & Francis Group."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/10508406.2013.836655","article-title":"Using learning analytics to understand the learning pathways of novice programmers","volume":"22","author":"Berland","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blikstein, P., & Worsley, M. (2016). Multimodal Learning Analytics and Education Data Mining : Using computational technologies to measure complex learning tasks, 3(2), 220\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18608\/jla.2016.32.11.","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2016.32.11"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/10508406.2014.954750","article-title":"Programming pluralism: Using learning analytics to detect patterns in the learning of computer programming","volume":"23","author":"Blikstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elby, A., & Hammer, D. (2010). Epistemological resources and framing: A cognitive framework for helping teachers interpret and respond to their students\u2019 epistemologies. In L. Bendixen & F. Feucht (Eds.), Personal epistemology in the classroom: Theory, research, and implications for practice (pp. 409\u2013434). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511691904.013.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511691904.013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.52.1.32","article-title":"Reasoning and learning by analogy","volume":"52","author":"Gentner","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(80)90013-4","article-title":"Analogical problem solving","volume":"355","author":"Gick","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR13","series-title":"Constructionism","author":"Harel","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutchison, P., & Hammer, D. (2009). Attending to student epistemological framing in a science classroom. Science Education, n\/a-n\/a. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sce.20373.","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.20373"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR15","series-title":"Minds in play: Computer game design as a context for children\u2019s learning","author":"Kafai","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1804_1","article-title":"On distinguishing epistemic from pragmatic action","volume":"18","author":"Kirsh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR17","unstructured":"Kress, G., Jewitt, C., Ogborn, J., & Charalampos, T. (2001). Multimodal teaching and learning: The rhetorics of the science classroom. London: A&C Black."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR18","series-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Education: Learning environments and tutoring systems","author":"Lawler","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1109\/29.45616","article-title":"Overview of the SPHINX speech recognition system","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2736(199801)35:1<3::AID-TEA2>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Reasoning about structure and function: Children\u2019s conceptions of gears","volume":"35","author":"Lehrer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR21","first-page":"707","article-title":"Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions and reversals","volume":"10","author":"Levenshtein","year":"1966","journal-title":"Soviet Physics Doklady"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/10508406.2013.840466","article-title":"Learning analytics and computational techniques for detecting and evaluating patterns in learning: An introduction to the special issue","volume":"22","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2004.1261108","article-title":"The diver project: Interactive digital video repurposing","volume":"11","author":"Pea","year":"2004","journal-title":"MultiMedia, IEEE"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR24","unstructured":"Piaget, J. (1973). To understand is to invent: The future of education (G. Roberts, Trans.). NY: Grossman Publishers."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piech, C., Sahami, M., Koller, D., Cooper, S., & Blikstein, P. (2012). Modeling how students learn to program. In Proceedings of the 43rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (pp. 153\u2013160). New York: ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2157136.2157182.","DOI":"10.1145\/2157136.2157182"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2016831","article-title":"Considerations in dynamic time warping algorithms for discrete word recognition","volume":"63","author":"Rabiner","year":"1978","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.21014","article-title":"Framing in cognitive clinical interviews about intuitive science knowledge: Dynamic student understandings of the discourse interaction","volume":"96","author":"Russ","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/07370000902797379","article-title":"Student behavior and epistemological framing: Examples from collaborative active-learning activities in physics","volume":"27","author":"Scherr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognition and Instruction"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR29","unstructured":"Schwartz, D. L., Lindgren, R., & Lewis, S. (2009). Constructivism in an age of non-constructivist assessments. In S. Tobias & T. M. Duffy (Eds.), Constructivist instruction: Success or failure? (pp. 34\u201361). New York: Routledge\/Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, J.P. III, diSessa, A.A, & Roschelle, J. (1994). Misconceptions reconceived: A constructivist analysis of knowledge in transition. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3(2), 115\u2013163.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0302_1"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toulmin, S. (1999). Knowledge as shared procedures. In Y. Engestr\u00f6m, R. Miettinen & R.-L. Punam\u00e4ki-Gitai (Eds.), Perspectives on activity theory (pp. 53\u201364). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511812774.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epistemological pluralism and the revaluation of the concrete","volume":"11","author":"Turkle","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Mathematical Behavior"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR33","series-title":"Making and tinkering: A review of the literature. National Research Council Committee on out of school time STEM","author":"Vossoughi","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR34","first-page":"353","article-title":"Process and achievement\u2014A basic problem of education and developmental psychology","volume":"7","author":"Werner","year":"1937","journal-title":"Harvard Educational Review"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Worsley, M. (2012). Multimodal learning analytics: Enabling the future of learning through multimodal data analysis and interfaces. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction (pp. 353\u2013356).","DOI":"10.1145\/2388676.2388755"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR36","series-title":"Proceedings of the third international conference on learning analytics and knowledge","first-page":"94","article-title":"Towards the development of multimodal action based assessment","author":"Worsley","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2014.12.8","article-title":"Analyzing engineering design through the lens of computation","volume":"1","author":"Worsley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Analytics"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR38","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Assessing the makers: The impact of principle-based reasoning on hands-on, project-based learning","volume":"3","author":"Worsley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 international conference of the learning sciences (ICLS)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1_CR39","first-page":"57","article-title":"Reasoning strategies in the context of engineering design with everyday materials","volume":"6","author":"Worsley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226006712?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226006712?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:11:40Z","timestamp":1779084700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1560429226006712"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1560429226006712"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1560-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1560-4292","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A Multimodal Analysis of Making","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-017-0160-1","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2017 International Artificial Intelligence in Education Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}