{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:29:54Z","timestamp":1780403394672,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2151,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17H04726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H04726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17K20024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17K20024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T17:07:01Z","timestamp":1584032821000},"page":"271-298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Time- and Learner-Dependent Hidden Markov Model for Writing Process Analysis Using Keystroke Log Data"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9330-5158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaki","family":"Uto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshimitsu","family":"Miyazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Kuwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M.L., Thakur, K., Tappert, C.C., Qiu, M. (2016). Keystroke biometric user verification using hidden Markov model. In IEEE 3rd international conference on cyber security and cloud computing (pp. 204\u2013209).","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCloud.2016.23"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1145\/182.358434","article-title":"Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals","volume":"26","author":"Allen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/modl.12316","article-title":"What and when second-language learners revise when responding to timed writing tasks on the computer: The roles of task type, second language proficiency, and keyboarding skills","volume":"100","author":"Barkaoui","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Modern Language Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR5","first-page":"1133","article-title":"The effect of the process writing approach on writing success and anxiety","volume":"14","author":"Bayat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR6","unstructured":"Bishop, C.M. (2006). Pattern recognition and machine learning (information science and statistics). Springer."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks, S., Gelman, A., Jones, G., Meng, X. (2011). Handbook of Markov chain Monte Carlo. CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b10905"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40468-017-0040-5","article-title":"Using keystroke logging to understand writers processes on a reading-into-writing test","volume":"7","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Language Testing in Asia"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., & Chang, W. (2004). Applying hidden Markov models to keystroke pattern analysis for password verification. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration (pp. 467\u2013474).","DOI":"10.1109\/IRI.2004.1431505"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR10","unstructured":"Conijn, R., van der Loo, J., van Zaanen, M. (2018). What\u2019s (not) in a keystroke? automatic discovery of students writing processes using keystroke logging. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge (pp. 1\u20136)."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deane, P., & Zhang, M. (2015). Exploring the feasibility of using writing process features to assess text production skills (Rapport technique). ETS Research Report.","DOI":"10.1002\/ets2.12071"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epp, C., Lippold, M., Mandryk, R.L. (2011). Identifying emotional states using keystroke dynamics. In Proceedings of the Sigchi Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 7150\u2013 724).","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979046"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.58680\/ccc198115885","article-title":"A cognitive process theory of writing","volume":"32","author":"Flower","year":"1981","journal-title":"College Composition and Communication"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox, J.-P. (2010). Bayesian item response modeling: Theory and applications. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0742-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1214\/06-BA117A","article-title":"Prior distributions for variance parameters in hierarchical models","volume":"1","author":"Gelman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bayesian Analysis"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffiths, T.L., & Steyvers, M. (2004). Finding scientific topics. In Proc. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (pp. 5228\u20135235).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307752101"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR17","unstructured":"Griffiths, T.L., Steyvers, M., Blei, D.M., Tenenbaum, J.B. (2004). Integrating topics and syntax. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (pp. 537\u2013544)."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR18","unstructured":"Hayes, J., & Flower, L. (1980). Identifying the organization of writing processes. In Cognitive Processes in Writing (pp. 1\u201328). Erlbaum."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2010.08.003","article-title":"Biometric personal authentication using keystroke dynamics: a review","volume":"11","author":"Karnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jslw.2007.08.005","article-title":"The foreign language writer\u2019s strategic behaviour in the allocation of time to writing processes","volume":"17","author":"de Larios","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Second Language Writing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1177\/0741088313491692","article-title":"Keystroke logging in writing research","volume":"30","author":"Leijten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Written Communication"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.58680\/ccc198115887","article-title":"Analyzing revision","volume":"32","author":"Lester","year":"1981","journal-title":"College Composition and Communication"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Cheng, L., Liu, Y., Jia, Y., Rosenblum, D. (2016). Recognizing complex activities by a probabilistic interval-based model.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.10155"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2018.04.022","article-title":"Learning structures of interval-based Bayesian networks in probabilistic generative model for human complex activity recognition","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1994.tb01956.x","article-title":"Approximate Bayesian inference by the weighted likelihood bootstrap","volume":"56","author":"Newton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B: Methodological"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2009.2024987","article-title":"Hidden Markov models with stick-breaking priors","volume":"57","author":"Paisley","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quraishi, S.J., & Bedi, S. (2018). Keystroke dynamics biometrics, a tool for user authentication-review keystroke dynamics biometrics, a tool for user authentication-review. In Proceedings of International Conference on System Modeling & Advancement in Research Trends (pp. 248\u2013254).","DOI":"10.1109\/SYSMART.2018.8746932"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, R.N., Yared, G.F.G., Costa, N., do, C.R., Yabu-Uti, J.B.T., Violaro, F., Ling, L.L. (2005). Biometric access control through numerical keyboards based on keystroke dynamics. In Advances in Biometrics (pp. 640\u2013646). Springer: Berlin.","DOI":"10.1007\/11608288_85"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39154","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2854966","article-title":"A machine learning approach to leverage individual keyboard and mouse interaction behavior from multiple users in real-world learning scenarios","volume":"6","author":"Salmeron-Majadas","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S1060-3743(00)00028-X","article-title":"Toward an empirical model of efl writing processes: an exploratory study","volume":"9","author":"Sasaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Second Language Writing"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasaki, M. (2002). Building an empirically-based model of efl learners\u2019 writing processes. In New Directions for Research in l2 Writing (pp. 49\u201380). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-0363-6_3"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136","article-title":"Estimating the dimensions of a model","volume":"6","author":"Schwarz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Annals of Statistics"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seow, A. (2002). The writing process and process writing. In Methodology in Language Teaching: An Anthology of Current Practice (pp. 315\u2013320). Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511667190.044"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Southavilay, V., Yacef, K., Calvo, R.A. (2010). Analysis of collaborative writing processes using hidden Markov models and semantic heuristics. In IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (pp. 543\u2013548).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMW.2010.118"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR35","unstructured":"Southavilay, V., Yacef, K., Calvo, R.A. (2010). Process mining to support students collaborative writing. In Proceedings of International Conference on Educational Data Mining (pp. 257\u2013266)."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jslw.2006.06.002","article-title":"Revising in two languages: a multi-dimensional comparison of online writing revisions in l1 and FL","volume":"15","author":"Stevenson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Second Language Writing"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR37","unstructured":"Taddy, M. (2012). On estimation and selection for topic models. In Proc. international conference on artificial intelligence and statistics (pp. 1184\u20131193)."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR38","first-page":"1","article-title":"A simple Gamma random number generator for arbitrary shape parameters","volume":"3","author":"Tanizaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Economics Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/408280","article-title":"A survey of keystroke dynamics biometrics","volume":"2013","author":"Teh","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Scientific World Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s41237-017-0027-7","article-title":"Diverse reports recommendation system based on latent dirichlet allocation","volume":"44","author":"Uto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behaviormetrika"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uto, M., & Ueno, M. (2015). Academic writing support system using bayesian networks. In Proc. IEEE international conference on advanced learning technologies (pp. 385\u2013387).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2015.16"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2015.2476806","article-title":"Item response theory for peer assessment","volume":"9","author":"Uto","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uto M, Ueno M Empirical comparison of item response theory models with rater\u2019s parameters Heliyon, Elsevier 2018 4 5 1\u201332.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00622"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallach, H.M., Murray, I., Salakhutdinov, R., Mimno, D. (2009). Evaluation methods for topic models. In Proc. international conference on machine learning (pp. 1105\u20131112).","DOI":"10.1145\/1553374.1553515"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Wang, S., Ji, Q. (2013). Capturing complex spatio-temporal relations among facial muscles for facial expression recognition. In IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 3422\u20133429).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.439"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR46","unstructured":"Watanabe, S. (2010). Asymptotic equivalence of Bayes cross validation and widely applicable information criterion in singular learning theory. Journal of Machine Learning Research, pp. 3571\u20133594."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR47","first-page":"867","article-title":"A widely applicable Bayesian information criterion","volume":"14","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Hao, J., Li, C., Deane, P. (2016). Classification of writing patterns using keystroke logs. In Quantitative psychology research: The 80th annual meeting of the psychometric society (pp. 299\u2013314).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-38759-8_23"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2013.33","article-title":"Modeling temporal interactions with interval temporal Bayesian networks for complex activity recognition","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226006980?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226006980?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:10:54Z","timestamp":1779084654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1560429226006980"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1560429226006980"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1560-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1560-4292","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Time- and Learner-Dependent Hidden Markov Model for Writing Process Analysis Using Keystroke Log Data","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-019-00189-9","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2020 International Artificial Intelligence in Education Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}