{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:54:33Z","timestamp":1781546073469,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":744,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T12:03:14Z","timestamp":1679054594000},"page":"301-331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Identifying Informative Features to Evaluate Student Knowledge as Causal Maps"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Bao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6816-355X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe J.","family":"Giabbanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alelyani, S., Tang, J., & Liu, H. (2018). Feature selection for clustering: a review. In C. C. Aggarwal C. K. Reddy (Eds.) Data clustering Algorithms and Applications. Chapman and Hall\/CRC (pp. 29\u201360).","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315373515-2"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anohina, A, & Grundspenkis, J (2009). Scoring concept maps: an overview. In Proceedings of the international conference on computer systems and technologies and workshop for PhD students in computing, pp. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1145\/1731740.1731824"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Axelrod, R. (2015). Complexity and the presidency: gouverneur Morris in the constitutional convention. In Structure of decision: the cognitive maps of political elites, (Vol. 3276 pp. 96\u2013112). Princeton: Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400871957-008"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Axelrod R. (2015). Decision for neoimperialism: the delibrations of the british eastern committee in 1918. In Structure of decision: the cognitive maps of political elites, (Vol. 3276 pp. 77\u201395). Princeton: Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400871957-007"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.12.029","article-title":"Feature selection with SVD entropy: some modification and extension","volume":"264","author":"Banerjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090283","article-title":"Towards a methodology for validation of centrality measures in complex networks","volume":"9","author":"Batool","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/87567555.2018.1501656","article-title":"Concept maps: active learning assessment tool in a strategic management capstone class","volume":"66","author":"Bauman","year":"2018","journal-title":"College Teaching"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/00219266.2018.1541001","article-title":"Using concept maps to characterise cellular respiration knowledge in undergraduate students","volume":"54","author":"Bergan-Roller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2168-9830.2004.tb00795.x","article-title":"Scoring concept maps: an integrated rubric for assessing engineering education","volume":"93","author":"Besterfield-Sacre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148590","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3124672","article-title":"Automated waterloo rubric for concept map grading","volume":"9","author":"Bhatia","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1080\/09500693.2012.716549","article-title":"Assessing system thinking through different concept-mapping practices","volume":"34","author":"Brandst\u00e4dter","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib12","first-page":"20","article-title":"A standardised, holistic framework for concept-map analysis combining topological attributes and global morphologies","volume":"7","author":"Buhmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib13","first-page":"6","article-title":"How good is my concept map","volume":"7","author":"Ca\u00f1as","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am I a good Cmapper? Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ca\u00f1as, A. J., Reiska, P., & Novak, J. D. (2016). Is my concept map large enough?. In International conference on concept mapping, pp. 128\u2013143. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45501-3_10"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-020-00956-w","article-title":"Overview of mental models research using bibliometric indicators","volume":"21","author":"C\u00e1rdenas-Figueroa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognitive Processing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2009.07.044","article-title":"A rule-based system for automatically evaluating student concept maps","volume":"37","author":"Cline","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib17","unstructured":"Cover, T. M. (1999). Elements of information theory. Wiley."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dash, M., Liu, H., & Yao J. (1997). Dimensionality reduction of unsupervised data. In Proceedings ninth IEEE international conference on tools with artificial intelligence, pp. 532\u2013539. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAI.1997.632300"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datta, D., Phillips, M., Bywater, J. P., Lilly, S., Chiu, J., Watson, G. S., & et al (2022). Human-in-the-loop data collection and evaluation for improving mathematical conversations. In International conference on artificial intelligence in education, p. 551\u2013554. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-11647-6_113"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.21094","article-title":"Analyzing change in students\u2019 gene-to-evolution models in college-level introductory biology","volume":"50","author":"Dauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dauer, J., Dauer, J., Lucas, L., Helikar, T., & Long, T. (2022). Supporting university student learning of complex systems: an example of teaching the interactive processes that constitute photosynthesis. In Fostering understanding of complex systems in biology education, pp. 63\u201382. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-98144-0_4"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88745-z","article-title":"A Graph Theory approach to assess nature\u2019s contribution to people at a global scale","volume":"11","author":"de Juan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib23","first-page":"845","article-title":"Feature selection for unsupervised learning","volume":"5","author":"Dy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib24","unstructured":"El Ghaoui, L., Li, G. C., Duong, V. A., Pham, V., Srivastava, A. N., & Bhaduri K. (2011). Sparse machine learning methods for understanding large text corpora. In Proceedings of the conference on intelligent data understanding, pp. 159\u2013173."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-019-09944-y","article-title":"Investigating the validity of web-enabled mechanistic case diagramming scores to assess students\u2019 integration of foundational and clinical sciences","volume":"25","author":"Ferguson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Health Sciences Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiume, A. F., Sciarrone F., & Temperini M. (2023). A new metric to help teachers unveil meaningful learning in concept maps. In International conference in methodologies and intelligent systems for techhnology enhanced learning, pp. 65\u201374. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-20617-7_9"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib27","first-page":"238","article-title":"Discriminatory analysis. Nonparametric Consistency properties","volume":"57","author":"Fix","year":"1989","journal-title":"International Statistical Review\/Revue Internationale de Statistique"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franklin, A, Li, T, Jamieson, P, Semlak, J, & Vanderbush, W (2015). Evaluating metrics for automatic mind map assessment in various classes. In 2015 IEEE frontiers in education conference (FIE), pp. 1\u20138. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2015.7344283"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franklin, A., Sunderhaus, R., Bell, C., & Jamieson, P. (2016). Improved method for creating criterion maps for automatic mind map analysis. In 2016 IEEE frontiers in education conference (FIE), pp. 1\u20136. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2016.7757737"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freund, A. J., & Giabbanelli, P. J. (2021). Are we modeling the evidence or our own biases? a comparison of conceptual models created from reports. In 2021 annual modeling and simulation conference (ANNSIM), pp. 1\u201312. IEEE.","DOI":"10.23919\/ANNSIM52504.2021.9552054"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-017-9338-8","article-title":"Overcoming the PBL assessment challenge: design and development of the incremental thesaurus for assessing causal maps (ITACM)","volume":"24","author":"Giabbanelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giabbanelli, P. J., Galgoczy, M. C., Nguyen, D. M., Foy, R., Rice, K. L., Nataraj N., & et al (2021). Mapping the complexity of suicide by combining participatory modeling and network science. In Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/ACM international conference on advances in social networks analysis and mining, pp. 339\u2013342.","DOI":"10.1145\/3487351.3488271"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/systems9020023","article-title":"How perspectives of a system change based on exposure to positive or negative evidence","volume":"9","author":"Giabbanelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Systems."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giabbanelli, P. J., & Tawfik A. A. (2020). Reducing the gap between the conceptual models of students and experts using graph-based adaptive instructional systems. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 538\u2013556. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60128-7_40"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giabbanelli, P. J., Tawfik, A. A., & Gupta, V. K. (2019). Learning analytics to support teachers\u2019 assessment of problem solving: a novel application for machine learning and graph algorithms. In D. Ifenthaler, D. K. Mah, & J. Y. K. Yau (Eds.) Utilizing learning analytics to support study success. Springer International Publishing (pp. 175\u2013199).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64792-0_11"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-022-00886-9","article-title":"Pathways to suicide or collections of vicious cycles? understanding the complexity of suicide through causal mapping","volume":"12","author":"Giabbanelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Network Analysis And Mining"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giabbanelli, P. J., Tawfik, A. A., & Wang, B. (2022). Designing the next generation of map assessment systems: open questions and opportunities to automatically assess a student\u2019s knowledge as a map. Journal of Research on Technology in Education.","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2022.2119449"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J., & Zhu, W. (2018). Dependence guided unsupervised feature selection. In Thirty-second AAAI conference on artificial intelligence.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11904"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagberg, A., Swart, P., & S Chult, D. (2008). Exploring network structure dynamics, and function using NetworkX. Los Alamos National lab.(LANL) Los Alamos, NM (United States).","DOI":"10.25080\/TCWV9851"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib40","unstructured":"He, X., Cai, D., & Niyogi, P. (2005). Laplacian score for feature selection."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2018.1457394","article-title":"Knowledge maps: a tool for online assessment with automated feedback","volume":"23","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medical Education Online"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.95","article-title":"Automated variable weighting in k-means type clustering","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis And Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2010.10782564","article-title":"Bridging the gap between expert-novice differences: the model-based feedback approach","volume":"43","author":"Ifenthaler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-008-9087-4","article-title":"Relational, structural, and semantic analysis of graphical representations and concept maps","volume":"58","author":"Ifenthaler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-009-9097-6","article-title":"The mystery of cognitive structure and how we can detect it: tracking the development of cognitive structures over time","volume":"39","author":"Ifenthaler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Instructional Science."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155103","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3018995","article-title":"A graph theory-based modeling of functional brain connectivity based on eeg: a systematic review in the context of neuroergonomics","volume":"8","author":"Ismail","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1080\/09500690802275820","article-title":"Analysing concept maps as an assessment tool in teaching physics and comparison with the achievement tests","volume":"31","author":"\u0130nge\u00e7","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8551.8.s1.7","article-title":"Linking managerial cognition and organizational performance: a preliminary investigation using causal maps","volume":"8","author":"Jenkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"British Journal of Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-011-9227-0","article-title":"Developing causal understanding with causal maps. The impact of total links, temporal flow, and lateral position of outcome nodes","volume":"60","author":"Jeong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2007.1048","article-title":"An entropy weighting k-means algorithm for subspace clustering of high-dimensional sparse data","volume":"19","author":"Jing","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jovi\u0107, A., Brki\u0107, K., & Bogunovi\u0107, N. (2015). A review of feature selection methods with applications. In 2015 38th international convention on information and communication technology, electronics and microelectronics (MIPRO), pp. 1200\u20131205. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/MIPRO.2015.7160458"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib52","unstructured":"Kadam, K., Deep, A., Prasad, P., & Mishra, S. (2019). Quantitative evaluation of concept maps an evidence-based approach. In Companion proceedings of the 9th international conference on learning analytics and knowledge, Tempe, USA."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-017-9321-4","article-title":"Graphical interface of knowledge structure: a web-based research tool for representing knowledge structure in text","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/00219266.2000.9655687","article-title":"Concept mapping in biology","volume":"34","author":"Kinchin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krabbe, H. (2014). Digital concept mapping for formative assessment. In D. Ifenthaler R. Hanewald (Eds.) Digital knowledge maps in education. Springer (pp. 275\u2013297).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3178-7_15"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00669.x","article-title":"Exploring the need for a shared cognitive map","volume":"29","author":"Langfield-Smith","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Management Studies"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib57","unstructured":"Lavin, E. A., Giabbanelli, P. J., Stefanik, A. T., Gray, S. A., & Arlinghaus, R. (2018). Should we simulate mental models to assess whether they agree?. In Proceedings of the annual simulation symposium, pp. 1\u201312."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5343","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2015.2479560","article-title":"Unsupervised feature selection via nonnegative spectral analysis and redundancy control","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2007.08.012","article-title":"Localized feature selection for clustering","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Yang, Y., Liu, J., Zhou, X., & Lu, H. (2012). Unsupervised feature selection using nonnegative spectral analysis. In Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence. Vol. 26.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v26i1.8289"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3136625","article-title":"Feature selection: a data perspective","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-018-9753-4","article-title":"The use of concept maps as an assessment tool in physics classes: can one use concept maps for quantitative evaluations?","volume":"50","author":"Llin\u00e1s","year":"2020","journal-title":"Research in Science Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Chen, P., Pian, Y., & Zheng, V.W. (2022). CMKT: concept map driven knowledge tracing. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies.","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2022.3196355"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib64","unstructured":"Luckie, D, Harrison, S, Wallace, J, & Ebert-May, D (2008). Studying C-TOOLS: automated grading for online concept maps. In Conference proceedings from conceptual assessment in biology II, (Vol. 2 pp. 1\u201313)."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maksimenkova, O., Neznanov, A., Papushina, I., & Parinov, A. (2017). On mind maps evaluation: a case of an automatic grader development. In International conference on interactive collaborative learning, pp. 210\u2013221. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73204-6_25"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-012-9386-8","article-title":"The effectiveness of concept maps in teaching physics concepts applied to engineering education: experimental comparison of the amount of learning achieved with and without concept maps","volume":"22","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Science Education and Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2736(199904)36:4<475::AID-TEA5>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Concept map assessment of classroom learning: reliability, validity, and logistical practicality","volume":"36","author":"McClure","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching:, The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib68","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pandas: a foundational Python library for data analysis and statistics","volume":"14","author":"McKinney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Python for High Performance And Scientific Computing"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib69","unstructured":"McNeese, M. D., & Ayoub, P. J. (2011). Concept mapping in the analysis and design of cognitive systems: a historical review. In B. M. Moon, R. R. Hoffman, J. Novak, & A. Canas (Eds.) Applied concept mapping: capturing, analyzing, and organizing knowledge. CRC Press (pp. 47\u201346)."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, B. M., Hoffman, R. R., Eskridge, T. C., & Coffey, J. W. (2011). Skills in applied concept mapping. In B. Moon, R. R. Hoffman, J. Novak, & A. Canas (Eds.) Applied concept mapping: capturing, analyzing, and organizing knowledge. CRC Press (pp. 23\u201346).","DOI":"10.1201\/b10716"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib71","first-page":"1","article-title":"The theory underlying concept maps and how to construct and use them","volume":"1","author":"Novak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliv\u00e1n-Bl\u00e1zquez, B., Aguilar-Latorre A., Gasc\u00f3n-Santos S., G\u00f3mez-Poyato M. J., Valero-Errazu D., Magall\u00f3n-Botaya R., & et al. (2022). Comparing the use of flipped classroom in combination with problem-based learning or with case-based learning for improving academic performance and satisfaction. Active Learning in Higher Education, pp. 14697874221081550.","DOI":"10.1177\/14697874221081550"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib73","unstructured":"Ormrod, J E, & Davis, K. M. (2004). Human learning Merrill London."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2018.1487046","article-title":"Incorporation and evaluation of serial concept maps for vertical integration and clinical reasoning in case-based learning tutorials: perspectives of students beginning clinical medicine","volume":"41","author":"Pe\u00f1uela-Epalza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medical Teacher"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-020-09434-w","article-title":"Detecting the depth and progression of learning in massive open online courses by mining discussion data","volume":"25","author":"Pillutla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/sdr.432","article-title":"Assessing individuals\u2019 understanding of nonlinear causal structures in complex systems","volume":"26","author":"Plate","year":"2010","journal-title":"System Dynamics Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0201-5","article-title":"Examining the convergent validity of shared mental model measures","volume":"44","author":"Ross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2736(199608)33:6<569::AID-TEA1>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Problems and issues in the use of concept maps in science assessment","volume":"33","author":"Ruiz-Primo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching:, The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2010.09.003","article-title":"A comprehensive method for comparing mental models of dynamic systems","volume":"210","author":"Schaffernicht","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, R. (2018). Mental model alignment. In Group Model Building, pp. 55\u201368. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-8959-6_6"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shute, V. J., & Zapata-Rivera, D. (2008). Using an evidence-based approach to assess mental models. In Understanding models for learning and instruction, pp. 23\u201341. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-76898-4_2"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2382120519872510","article-title":"Case-based group learning using concept maps to achieve multiple educational objectives and behavioral outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Slieman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-019-09682-y","article-title":"A review of unsupervised feature selection methods","volume":"53","author":"Solorio-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib84","unstructured":"Strautmane, M. (2012). Concept map-based knowledge assessment tasks and their scoring criteria: an overview. In Proceedings of the 5th international conference on concept mapping, pp. 80\u201388."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib85","unstructured":"Tang, J., Alelyani, S., & Liu, H. (2014). Feature selection for classification: a review. In C. C. Aggarwal (Ed.) Data classification: Algorithms and applications. Chapman and hall\/CRC (p. 37)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-017-9136-2","article-title":"Do cases teach themselves? a comparison of case library prompts in supporting problem-solving during argumentation","volume":"29","author":"Tawfik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Higher Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tawfik, A., Jonassen, D., & Keene, C. (2012). Why do we fall? Using experiences of failure to design case libraries. International Journal of Designs for Learning, 3(1).","DOI":"10.14434\/ijdl.v3i1.2065"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.11.013","article-title":"Effects of success v failure cases on learner-learner interaction","volume":"118","author":"Tawfik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n1","DOI":"10.14434\/ijpbl.v14i1.28624","article-title":"Comparing how different inquiry-based approaches impact learning outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Tawfik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trumpower, D. L., Filiz, M., & Sarwar, G. S. (2014). Assessment for learning using digital knowledge maps. In D. Ifenthaler R. Hanewald (Eds.) Digital knowledge maps in education. Springer (pp. 221\u2013237).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3178-7_12"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e507","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl214","article-title":"Novel unsupervised feature filtering of biological data","volume":"22","author":"Varshavsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.01.079","article-title":"A review of dimensionality reduction techniques for efficient computation","volume":"165","author":"Velliangiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib93","unstructured":"Vennix, J. A. (1996). Individual and organizational problem construction. In Group model building, pp. 9\u201341. Wiley."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-007-9033-z","article-title":"A tutorial on spectral clustering","volume":"17","author":"Von Luxburg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Statistics and Computing"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.01.024","article-title":"Using cognitive mapping to foster deeper learning with complex problems in a computer-based environment","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/jee.20111","article-title":"Assessing conceptual knowledge using three concept map scoring methods","volume":"105","author":"Watson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinbrenner, S., Engler, J., & Hoppe, H. U. (2011). Ontology-supported scaffolding of concept maps. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 582\u2013584. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21869-9_108"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02425.x","article-title":"The anthropomorphic machine: causal order in nature and the world view of common sense","volume":"83","author":"White","year":"1992","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2010.01167.x","article-title":"An innovative concept map approach for improving students\u2019 learning performance with an instant feedback mechanism","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib100","unstructured":"Yang, Y, Shen, H. T., Ma, Z., Huang, Z., & Zhou, X. (2011). L2, 1-norm regularized discriminative feature selection for unsupervised. In Twenty-second international joint conference on artificial intelligence."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.20049","article-title":"Comparison of two concept-mapping techniques: implications for scoring, interpretation, and use","volume":"42","author":"Yin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching:, The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.38094\/jastt1224","article-title":"A comprehensive review of dimensionality reduction techniques for feature selection and feature extraction","volume":"1","author":"Zebari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., & Liu, H. (2007). Spectral feature selection for supervised and unsupervised learning. In Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Machine learning, pp. 1151\u20131157.","DOI":"10.1145\/1273496.1273641"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226003008?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226003008?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:16:31Z","timestamp":1781543791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1560429226003008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1560429226003008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1560-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1560-4292","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Identifying Informative Features to Evaluate Student Knowledge as Causal Maps","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-023-00329-2","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2023 International Artificial Intelligence in Education Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}