{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T11:40:30Z","timestamp":1785152430817,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":784,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T14:03:09Z","timestamp":1686319389000},"page":"12-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["To Advance AI Use in Education, Focus on Understanding Educators"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Ren\u00e9 F.","family":"Kizilcec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, D. A., Nelson, R. R., & Todd, P. A. (1992). Perceived usefulness, ease of use, and usage of information technology: A replication. MIS quarterly, 227\u2013247.","DOI":"10.2307\/249577"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ames, M. G. (2019). The charisma machine: The life, death, and legacy of one laptop per child. MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10868.001.0001"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold, K. E., & Pistilli, M. D. (2012). Course signals at Purdue: Using learning analytics to increase student success. In Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on learning analytics and knowledge (pp. 267\u2013270).","DOI":"10.1145\/2330601.2330666"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, R. S., Berning, A. W., Gowda, S. M., Zhang, S., & Hawn, A. (2020). Predicting K-12 dropout. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR), 25(1), 28\u201354.","DOI":"10.1080\/10824669.2019.1670065"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib5","unstructured":"Bryant, J., Child, F., Dorn, E., & Hall, S. (2020). New global data reveal education technology\u2019s impact on learning. McKinsey & Company blog. Available at https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/public-and-social-sector\/our-insights\/new-global-data-reveal-education-technologys-impact-on-learning"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buckingham Shum, S., Ferguson, R., & Martinez-Maldonado, R. (2019). Human-centred learning analytics. Journal of Learning Analytics, 6(2), 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.18608\/jla.2019.62.1"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burton, J. W., Stein, M. K., & Jensen, T. B. (2020). A systematic review of algorithm aversion in augmented decision making. Journal of behavioral decision making, 33(2), 220\u2013239.","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.2155"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib8","unstructured":"Christensen, C. M., Horn, M. B., & Johnson, C. W. (2008). How disruptive innovation will change the way we learn. Education Week, 27(39), 25\u201336."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cialdini, R. B. (2003). Crafting normative messages to protect the environment. Current directions in psychological science, 12(4), 105\u2013109.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.01242"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (1999). The motivations to volunteer: Theoretical and practical considerations. Current directions in psychological science, 8(5), 156\u2013159.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00037"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crum, A. J., & Langer, E. J. (2007). Mind-set matters: Exercise and the placebo effect. Psychological science, 18(2), 165\u2013171.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01867.x"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuban, L. (2009). Oversold and underused. Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvk12qnw"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cukurova, M., Luckin, R., & Kent, C. (2020). Impact of an artificial intelligence research frame on the perceived credibility of educational research evidence. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 30(2), 205\u2013235.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-019-00188-w"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 319\u2013340.","DOI":"10.2307\/249008"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietvorst, B. J., Simmons, J. P., & Massey, C. (2015). Algorithm aversion: People erroneously avoid algorithms after seeing them err. Journal of experimental psychology: general, 144(1), 114.","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000033"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib16","unstructured":"Fathema, N., Shannon, D., & Ross, M. (2015). Expanding the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to examine faculty use of Learning Management Systems (LMSs) in higher education institutions. Journal of online learning & teaching, 11(2)."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2022). A unified framework of five principles for AI in society. Machine learning and the city: Applications in architecture and urban design, 535\u2013545.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119815075.ch45"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, A. M., & Hofmann, D. A. (2011). It\u2019s not all about me: Motivating hand hygiene among health care professionals by focusing on patients. Psychological science, 22(12), 1494\u20131499.","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611419172"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herodotou, C., Rienties, B., Boroowa, A., Zdrahal, Z., & Hlosta, M. (2019). A large-scale implementation of predictive learning analytics in higher education: The teachers\u2019 role and perspective. Educational technology research and development, 67(5), 1273\u20131306.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-019-09685-0"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hlosta, M., Herodotou, C., Bayer, V., & Fernandez, M. (2021). Impact of predictive learning analytics on course awarding gap of disadvantaged students in stem. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (pp. 190\u2013195). Springer, Cham.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78270-2_34"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khosravi, H., Shum, S. B., Chen, G., Conati, C., Tsai, Y. S., Kay, J., & Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D. (2022). Explainable Artificial Intelligence in education. Computers and education: artificial intelligence, 3, 100074.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100074"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kizilcec, R. F. (2016). How much information? Effects of transparency on trust in analgorithmic interface. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 2390\u20132395).","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858402"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurzweil, M., & Wu, D. D. (2015). Building a pathway to student success at Georgia State University. GHPC Articles, 142.","DOI":"10.18665\/sr.221053"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib25","unstructured":"Kuzilek, J., Hlosta, M., Herrmannova, D., Zdrahal, Z., Vaclavek, J., & Wolff, A. (2015). OU Analyse: Analysing at-risk students at the Open University. Learning analytics review, 1\u201316."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y., Kozar, K. A., & Larsen, K. R. (2003). The technology acceptance model: Past, present, and future. Communications of the association for information systems, 12(1), 50.","DOI":"10.17705\/1CAIS.01250"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020). What is AI literacy? Competencies and design considerations. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1\u201316).","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376727"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib28","unstructured":"Nazaretsky, T., Ariely, M., Cukurova, M., & Alexandron, G. (2022a). Teachers\u2019 trust in AI-powered educational technology and a professional development program to improve it. British journal of educational technology."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazaretsky, T., Cukurova, M., & Alexandron, G. (2022b). An Instrument for Measuring Teachers\u2019 Trust in AI-Based Educational Technology. In LAK22: 12th international learning analytics and knowledge conference (pp. 56\u201366).","DOI":"10.1145\/3506860.3506866"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib30","unstructured":"Park, S. Y. (2009). An analysis of the technology acceptance model in understanding university students\u2019 behavioral intention to use e-learning. Journal of educational technology & society, 12(3), 150\u2013162."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piderit, S. K. (2000). Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalence: A multidimensional view of attitudes toward an organizational change. The Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 783\u2013794.","DOI":"10.2307\/259206"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reich, J. (2020). Failure to disrupt: Why technology alone can\u2019t transform education. Harvard University Press.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674249684"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reich, J., & Mehta, J. (2020). Imagining September: Principles and design elements for ambitious schools during COVID-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35542\/osf.io\/gqa2w","DOI":"10.35542\/osf.io\/gqa2w"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rienties, B. (2014). Understanding academics\u2019 resistance towards (online) student evaluation. Assessment & Evaluation In Higher Education, 39(8), 987\u20131001.","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2014.880777"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothman, A. J., & Salovey, P. (1997). Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior: The role of message framing. Psychological bulletin, 121(1), 3.","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.1.3"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teo, T. (2009). Modelling technology acceptance in education: A study of pre-service teachers. Computers & education, 52(2), 302\u2013312.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.08.006"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesh, V., & Bala, H. (2008). Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions. Decision sciences, 39(2), 273\u2013315.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management science, 46(2), 186\u2013204.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.2.186.11926"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib39","unstructured":"Williamson, K., & Kizilcec, R. F. (2021). Effects of Algorithmic Transparency in Bayesian Knowledge Tracing on Trust and Perceived Accuracy. Intl. conference on educational data mining"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, L., Sha, L., Zhao, L., Li, Y., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Chen, G., Li, X., Jin, Y., & Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D. (2023). Practical and ethical challenges of large language models in education: A systematic literature review. arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.13379","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13370"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, M. Y., & Hwang, Y. (2003). Predicting the use of web-based information systems: Self-efficacy, enjoyment, learning goal orientation, and the technology acceptance model. International journal of human-computer studies.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00114-9"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zawacki-Richter, O., Mar\u00edn, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on Artificial Intelligence applications in higher education\u2013where are the educators?. International journal of educational technology in higher education, 16(1), 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-019-0171-0"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S156042922600288X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S156042922600288X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:50:36Z","timestamp":1779087036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S156042922600288X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S156042922600288X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1560-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1560-4292","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"To Advance AI Use in Education, Focus on Understanding Educators","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}