{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T16:40:10Z","timestamp":1779122410931,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":233,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1915724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1915724"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T13:01:48Z","timestamp":1715173308000},"page":"1064-1095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["#let\u2019s-discuss: Analyzing Students\u2019 Use of Emoji when Interacting with Course Readings"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2153-9860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariel","family":"Blobstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc T.","family":"Facciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Igo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Karger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prerna","family":"Ravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamali","family":"Sripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kobi","family":"Gal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib1","unstructured":"Agrawal, A., Venkatraman, J., Leonard, S., & Paepcke, A. (2015). Youedu: Addressing confusion in mooc discussion forums by recommending instructional video clips"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-007-9045-6","article-title":"Developing a generalizable detector of when students game the system","volume":"18","author":"Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2009.12.003","article-title":"Better to be frustrated than bored: The incidence, persistence, and impact of learners\u2019 cognitive-affective states during interactions with three different computer-based learning environments","volume":"68","author":"Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib4","series-title":"Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation","first-page":"24","article-title":"SemEval 2018 task 2: Multilingual emoji prediction.","author":"Barbieri","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baziotis, C., Athanasiou, N., Paraskevopoulos, G., Ellinas, N., Kolovou, A., & Potamianos, A. (2018). NTUA-SLP at semeval-2018 task 2: Predicting emojis using rnns with context-aware attention. arXiv:1804.06657","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S18-1069"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baziotis, C., Athanasiou, N., Paraskevopoulos, G., Ellinas, N., Kolovou, A., & Potamianos, A. (2018). Ntua-slp at semeval-2018 task 2: Predicting emojis using rnns with context-aware attention. arXiv:1804.06657","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S18-1069"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.17718\/tojde.728153","article-title":"The impact of online annotation tools on students\u2019 academic performance in a distance university program","volume":"21","author":"Benitez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett, L., & Folley, S. (2021). In: Sahin M., Ifenthaler D. (eds.) Students\u2019 emotional reactions to social comparison via a learner dashboard, pp. 233\u2013250","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81222-5_11"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1109\/DEST.2009.5276726","article-title":"A new significant area: Emotion detection in e-learning using opinion mining techniques.","author":"Binali","year":"2009","journal-title":"2009 3rd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib10","article-title":"# lets-discuss: Analyzing student affect in course forums using emoji.","author":"Blobstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Educational Data Mining"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib11","first-page":"90","article-title":"Emotions and emotion regulation in academic settings.","author":"Boekaerts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handbook of educational psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-0355(88)90005-5","article-title":"Motivated learning: Bias in appraisals","volume":"12","author":"Boekaerts","year":"1988","journal-title":"International Journal Of Educational Research"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib13","series-title":"Handbook of Self-regulation","author":"Boekaerts","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib14","first-page":"7","article-title":"Predicting student attrition in moocs using sentiment analysis and neural networks","volume":"1432","author":"Chaplot","year":"2015","journal-title":"CEUR Workshop Proceedings"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2014.965823","article-title":"The icap framework: Linking cognitive engagement to active learning outcomes","volume":"49","author":"Chi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib16","unstructured":"Chollet, F., et al. (2015). Keras. https:\/\/keras.io"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S18-1004","article-title":"T\u00fcbingen-oslo at semeval-2018 task 2: Svms perform better than rnns in emoji prediction.","author":"\u00c7\u00f6ltekin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib18","unstructured":"Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2018). Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv:1810.04805"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2011.10.001","article-title":"Dynamics of affective states during complex learning","volume":"22","author":"D\u2019Mello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emojis: Visual communication in higher education","volume":"2","author":"Doiron","year":"2018","journal-title":"PUPIL: International Journal of Teaching, Education and Learning"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801856-9.00008-6","article-title":"What sunshine is to flowers: A literature review on the use of emoticons to support online learning","author":"Dunlap","year":"2016","journal-title":"Technology, Design, And Learning. Emotions"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib22","article-title":"Opinion mining and emotion recognition applied to learning environments","volume":"150","author":"Estrada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/13614560802357172","article-title":"Annotated: A social navigation and annotation service for web-based educational resources","volume":"14","author":"Farzan","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felbo, B., Mislove, A., S\u00f8gaard, A., Rahwan, I., & Lehmann, S. (2017). Using millions of emoji occurrences to learn any-domain representations for detecting sentiment, emotion and sarcasm. arXiv:1708.00524","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1169"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1145\/3375462.3375485","article-title":"# confused and beyond: detecting confusion in course forums using students\u2019 hashtags.","author":"Geller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2019.1625440","article-title":"Sentiment mining in a collaborative learning environment: capitalising on big data","volume":"38","author":"Jena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3986","DOI":"10.3390\/app11093986","article-title":"Sentiment analysis of students\u2019 feedback with nlp and deep learning: A systematic mapping study","volume":"11","author":"Kastrati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.17645\/mac.v5i4.1041","article-title":"The semiotics of emoji: the rise of visual language in the age of the internet (book review)","volume":"5","author":"Kerslake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Media and Communication"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib29","series-title":"Utilization and regulation of carbon sources and their metabolism in the halophilic archaeon halogeometricum borinquense. Phd thesis","author":"Kim","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib30","series-title":"Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies","first-page":"43","article-title":"An affective model of interplay between emotions and learning: Reengineering educational pedagogy-building a learning companion.","author":"Kort","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib31","series-title":"Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies","first-page":"43","article-title":"An affective model of interplay between emotions and learning: Reengineering educational pedagogy-building a learning companion.","author":"Kort","year":"2001"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0144296","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144296","article-title":"Sentiment of emojis","volume":"10","author":"Kralj Novak","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/IJDET.2016010101","article-title":"Interactive visualization tools to improve learning and teaching in online learning environments","volume":"14","author":"Kuosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal Of Distance Education Technologies (IJDET)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib34","first-page":"3","article-title":"Measuring usability with the use questionnaire12","volume":"8","author":"Lund","year":"2001","journal-title":"Usability Interface"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-6109","article-title":"Domain adaptation with bert-based domain classification and data selection.","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Deep Learning Approaches for Low-Resource NLP (DeepLo 2019)"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib36","unstructured":"Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., & Dean, J. (2013). Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv:1301.3781"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib37","series-title":"Teaching and learning post pandemic.","author":"Munday","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib38","series-title":"Gensim\u2013python framework for vector space modelling.","author":"Rehurek","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81222-5_1","article-title":"Visualizations and dashboards for learning analytics: A systematic literature review.","author":"Sahin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Visualizations and dashboards for learning analytics"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santamar\u00eda-Bonfil, G., & L\u00f3pez O. G. T. (2019). Emoji as a proxy of emotional communication","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.88636"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2016.10.001","article-title":"Comparing the use of a social annotation tool and a threaded discussion forum to support online discussions","volume":"32","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12764","article-title":"Trends and issues of social annotation in education: A systematic review from 2000 to 2020","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib43","first-page":"60","article-title":"How emotions affect learning","volume":"52","author":"Sylwester","year":"1994","journal-title":"Educational Leadership"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib44","first-page":"60","article-title":"How emotions affect learning.","volume":"52","author":"Sylwester","year":"1994","journal-title":"Educational leadership"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2013.02.008","article-title":"Emotive communication online: A contextual analysis of computer-mediated communication (cmc) cues","volume":"51","author":"Vandergriff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Pragmatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/bmb.2006.494034042628","article-title":"Student understanding of ph:\u201ci don\u2019t know what the log actually is, i only know where the button is on my calculator\u201d","volume":"34","author":"Watters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12901","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12901","article-title":"Highlights as an early predictor of student comprehension and interests","volume":"44","author":"Winchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1145\/2724660.2724677","article-title":"Exploring the effect of confusion in discussion forums of massive open online courses.","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Second (2015) ACM Conference on Learning@ Scale"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Classifying and visualizing students\u2019 cognitive engagement in course readings.","author":"Yogev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth Annual ACM Conference on Learning at Scale"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1145\/3051457.3054014","article-title":"Using student annotated hashtags and emojis to collect nuanced affective states.","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth (2017) ACM Conference on Learning@ Scale"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib51","series-title":"Advances in Information and Communication","first-page":"864","article-title":"Emoji prediction: A transfer learning approach","author":"Zhang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208326","article-title":"Successful classroom deployment of a social document annotation system.","author":"Zyto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Sigchi Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226001344?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226001344?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:52:02Z","timestamp":1779087122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1560429226001344"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1560429226001344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1560-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1560-4292","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"#let\u2019s-discuss: Analyzing Students\u2019 Use of Emoji when Interacting with Course Readings","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00401-5","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}