{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T10:21:22Z","timestamp":1783765282616,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":233,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002726","name":"Beijing Normal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G2023111007L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2023111007L"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002726","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002726","name":"Beijing Normal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G2023111007L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2023111007L"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002726","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002726","name":"Beijing Normal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G2022111004L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2022111004L"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002726","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T17:31:36Z","timestamp":1734975096000},"page":"1597-1629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Using AI to Support Education for Collective Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Imogen","family":"Casebourne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengpeng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tore","family":"Hoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupert","family":"Wegerif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7144-9441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.3390\/children9111671","article-title":"Impact of Philosophy for Children and Its Challenges: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Ab Wahab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-020-09512-7","article-title":"Split up, but stay together: Collaboration and cooperation in mathematical problem solving","volume":"48","author":"Abdu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0012-6","article-title":"Towards an agile approach to adapting dynamic collaboration support to student needs","volume":"24","author":"Adamson","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00112","article-title":"Cognitive diversity, collective intelligence, and learning in teams","volume":"10","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib5","series-title":"Help seeking in academic settings","first-page":"38","article-title":"Toward computer-based tutoring of help-seeking skills","author":"Aleven","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4698","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.228.4698.456","article-title":"Intelligent tutoring systems","volume":"228","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.04.044","article-title":"Profiles of engagement in online communities of citizen science participation","volume":"74","author":"Aristeidou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib8","first-page":"492","article-title":"Enhancing group social perceptiveness through a swarm-based decision-making platform","author":"Askay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, (HICSS)"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib9","unstructured":"Bae, H., Glazewski, K., Hmelo-Silver, C., Lester, J., Mott, B. W., & Rowe, J. (2019). Intelligent cognitive assistants to support orchestration in CSCL. CSCL 2019."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0105-0","article-title":"Stupid tutoring systems, intelligent humans","volume":"26","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib11","series-title":"Design research in education: A practical guide for early career researchers","author":"Bakker","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib12","series-title":"Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence: Patterns in Problem Solving and Innovation","author":"Baltzersen","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib13","series-title":"How artificial intelligence can enhance collective intelligence.","article-title":"The future of minds and machines","author":"Berditchevskaia","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/26339137221107924","article-title":"A descriptive analysis of collective intelligence publications since 2000, and the emerging influence of artificial intelligence","volume":"1","author":"Berditchevskaia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Collective Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib15","series-title":"Higher education for all: From challenges to novel technology-enhanced solutions (HEFA 2017) (Vol. 832.","first-page":"23","article-title":"Group formation in CSCL: A review of the state of the art","author":"Borges","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.05.025","article-title":"Intelligent Assistance for Teachers in Collaborative E-Learning Environments","volume":"53","author":"Casamayor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib17","unstructured":"CIP.org (n.d.) https:\/\/cip.org\/whitepaper. Accessed 26 Apr 2023"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.01.008","article-title":"A full systematic review was completed in 2 weeks using automation tools: A case study","volume":"121","author":"Clark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404753","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2017.1404753","article-title":"Using concept mapping as a tool for conducting research: An analysis of three approaches","volume":"3","author":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogent Social Sciences"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13343","article-title":"Advancing theory in the age of artificial intelligence. British Journal of Educational Technology","volume":"54","author":"Dawson","year":"2023","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib21","series-title":"Connecting Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning to Policy and Practice: CSCL2011 Conference Proceedings (Vol. III","first-page":"1162","article-title":"Designing visual tools to scaffold the process of learning how to learn together. \u2014 Community Events and Proceedings","author":"De-Groot","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib22","series-title":"The evolution of research on computer-supported collaborative learning: From design to orchestration","first-page":"3","author":"Dillenbourg","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib23","series-title":"New science of learning","article-title":"Technology for classroom orchestration.","author":"Dillenbourg","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-009-9116-9","article-title":"Using Intelligent Tutor Technology to Implement Adaptive Support for Student Collaboration","volume":"22","author":"Diziol","year":"2010","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib25","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops","first-page":"46","article-title":"Conversational bot for newcomers onboarding to open source projects","author":"Dominic","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib26","series-title":"Handbook of Artificial Intelligence in Education. Elgar Handbooks in Education","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2013.25","article-title":"Enhancing Scientific Reasoning and Discussion with Conversational Agents","volume":"6","author":"Dyke","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0125-9","article-title":"Designing Crowdcritique Systems for Formative Feedback","volume":"27","author":"Easterday","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v17i05.27705","article-title":"Design of a Smart MOOC Trust Model: Towards a dynamic peer recommendation to foster collaboration and learner\u2019s engagement","volume":"17","author":"Elghomary","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-022-09628-4","article-title":"A Systematic Literature Review on Personalised Learning in the Higher Education Context","volume":"28","author":"Fariani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12381-5","article-title":"Engagement assessment in project-based education: A machine learning approach in team chat analysis","volume":"29","author":"Farshad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-118X(95)00024-B","article-title":"The dialogic mind: A dialogic approach to the higher mental functions","volume":"14","author":"Fernyhough","year":"1996","journal-title":"New Ideas in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.10.022","article-title":"Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group guidance series\u2014paper 6: Reporting guidelines for qualitative, implementation, and process evaluation evidence syntheses","volume":"97","author":"Flemming","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib34","series-title":"What is intelligence? Beyond the Flynn effect.","author":"Flynn","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/10511253.2017.1398830","article-title":"Student Learning Groups: Does Group Composition Matter?","volume":"29","author":"Gardiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12577","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in educational assessment: \u2018Breakthrough? Or buncombe and ballyhoo?\u2019","volume":"37","author":"Gardner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib37","first-page":"1","article-title":"The promise and challenges of generative AI in education","author":"Giannakos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0151-2","article-title":"Creating a Team Tutor Using GIFT","volume":"28","author":"Gilbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22802","article-title":"Group informatics: A methodological approach and ontology for sociotechnical group research","volume":"64","author":"Goggins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib40","article-title":"Investigating the Relationship Between Dialogue States and Partner Satisfaction During Co-Creative Learning Tasks","author":"Griffith","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181321651354c","article-title":"Articulating the role of artificial intelligence in collective intelligence: A transactive systems framework","volume":"65","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2016.2533318","article-title":"Similarity-based grouping to support teachers on collaborative activities in an exploratory mathematical microworld","volume":"5","author":"Gutierrez-Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-09-2016-0202","article-title":"Knowledge sharing by entrepreneurs in a virtual community of practice (VCoP)","volume":"32","author":"Hafeez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information Technology & People"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib44","series-title":"Moral and spiritual leadership in an age of plural moralities","first-page":"27","article-title":"Dialogical self theory in a boundary-crossing society","author":"Hermans","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib45","first-page":"51","article-title":"Collective Intelligence Design and a New Politics of System Change","volume":"6","author":"Hogan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Civitas Educationis"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib46","article-title":"Education for Collective Intelligence","author":"Hogan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Irish Educational Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00352-3","article-title":"AIED\u2014Coming of Age?","volume":"34","author":"Holmes","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12533","article-title":"State of the art and practice in AI in education","volume":"57","author":"Holmes","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib49","series-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","author":"Holmes","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-020-00229-9","article-title":"Using sequence analysis to determine the well-functioning of small groups in large online courses","volume":"31","author":"Hoppe","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/0305764X.2013.786024","article-title":"Classroom dialogue: A systematic review across four decades of research","volume":"43","author":"Howe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cambridge Journal Of Education"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.7326\/L15-5144-2","article-title":"The PRISMA Extension Statement","volume":"163","author":"Hutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib53","first-page":"81","article-title":"Can we exploit collective intelligence for collaborative deliberation? The case of the climate change collaboratorium","volume":"55","author":"Iandoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Management Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/1932202X231156389","article-title":"Developing creative potential: The power of process, people, and place","volume":"34","author":"Isaksen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Academics"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.106198","article-title":"Teaching citizen scientists to categorize glitches using machine learning guided training","volume":"105","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib56","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing","first-page":"2316","article-title":"What makes a strong team? Using collective intelligence to predict team performance in League of Legends","author":"Kim","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0082-8","article-title":"An interview reflection on \u201cintelligent tutoring goes to school in the big city\u201d","volume":"26","author":"Koedinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/ijsa.12368","article-title":"Virtual simulation: New method for assessing teamwork skills","volume":"30","author":"Kotlyar","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Selection and Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2010.41","article-title":"Architecture for building conversational agents that support collaborative learning","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib60","series-title":"Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation","author":"Lave","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-022-00309-y","article-title":"Three Algorithms for Grouping Students: A Bridge Between Personalized Tutoring System Data and Classroom Pedagogy","volume":"33","author":"Lechuga","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib62","unstructured":"Levi, G (2023) Medium Blog. Transforming Education in the Generative AI Era. https:\/\/medium.com\/@guylevi.57\/transforming-education-in-the-generative-ai-era-4c7e177a8415. Accessed July 2023."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib63","series-title":"Orchestrating inquiry learning (1st ed.","first-page":"17","article-title":"Trajectories of inquiry learning","author":"Littleton","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-018-9701-y","article-title":"Classroom dialogue and digital technologies: A scoping review","volume":"23","author":"Major","year":"2018","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib65","first-page":"21","article-title":"The collective intelligence genome","volume":"51","author":"Malone","year":"2010","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Management Review"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-015-9475-9","article-title":"Investigating and promoting trainee science teachers\u2019 conceptual change of the nature of science with digital dialogue games \u2018InterLoc\u2019","volume":"46","author":"Mansour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Research in Science Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s42044-024-00186-9","article-title":"An application of Computational Intelligence in group formation for digital drama education","author":"Mastrothanasis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran J Comput Sci"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib68","unstructured":"Miao, F., & Holmes, W. (2023). Guidance for generative AI in education and research. UNESCO report, Online at https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/articles\/guidance-generative-ai-education-and-research. Accessed June 2024."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib69","series-title":"Socializing Intelligence through Talk and Dialogue","first-page":"333","article-title":"Conceptualizing talk moves as tools: Professional development approaches for academically productive discussions","author":"Michaels","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib70","series-title":"Intelligent tutoring systems. ITS 1998. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (vol. 1452).","article-title":"Experiences in implementing constraint-based modeling in SQL-Tutor.","author":"Mitrovi\u0107","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0191-y","article-title":"Implementing PRISMA-P: Recommendations for prospective authors","volume":"5","author":"Moher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib72","series-title":"Big Mind: How Collective Intelligence Can Change Our World","author":"Mulgan","year":"2018"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5815\/ijmecs.2017.10.03","article-title":"Use of intelligent agents in collaborative m-learning: Case of facilitating group learner interactions","volume":"9","author":"Njenga","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib74","series-title":"International Encyclopedia of Education (Fourth Edition)","first-page":"417","article-title":"Interdisciplinary frontiers: Computer-based process data analysis in educational measurement","author":"Nicolay","year":"2023"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib75","article-title":"Working with a new kind of team: Harnessing the wisdom of the crowd in trial identification","volume":"17","author":"Noel-Storr","year":"2019","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-014-0029-5","article-title":"AutoTutor and Family: A Review of 17 years of natural language tutoring","volume":"24","author":"Nye","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-023-09387-z","article-title":"An artificial intelligence-driven learning analytics method to examine the collaborative problem-solving process from the complex adaptive systems perspective","volume":"18","author":"Ouyang","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107650","article-title":"Making Strides towards AI-Supported Regulation of Learning in Collaborative Knowledge Construction","volume":"142","author":"Ouyang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/2327-6924.12380","article-title":"Understanding scoping reviews: Definition, purpose, and process","volume":"29","author":"Peterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6342","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025992","article-title":"Crowd diversity and performance in wikipedia: The mediating effects of task conflict and communication","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005737118","article-title":"Quantifying collective intelligence in human groups","volume":"118","author":"Riedl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/00091383.2010.503139","article-title":"The myth of learning styles","volume":"42","author":"Riener","year":"2010","journal-title":"Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/15597","article-title":"Analysis of collective human intelligence for diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions harnessed by gamification via a web-based training platform: Simulation reader study","volume":"22","author":"Rinner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib84","article-title":"Using automated planning to provide feedback during collaborative problem-solving","author":"Rojas","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0042-3","article-title":"Computer-based assessment of collaborative problem solving: Exploring the feasibility of human-to-agent approach","volume":"25","author":"Rosen","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib86","series-title":"Minds, brains, and science","first-page":"28","article-title":"Can computers think","author":"Searle","year":"1986"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1162\/ijlm.2009.0013","article-title":"Epistemic network analysis: A prototype for 21st-century assessment of learning","volume":"1","author":"Shaffer","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Learning and Media"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib88","series-title":"International handbook of intelligence","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence9020019","article-title":"Meta-intelligence: Understanding, control, and interactivity between creative, analytical, practical, and wisdom-based approaches in problem solving","volume":"9","author":"Sternberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib90","first-page":"421","article-title":"Repurpose social network sites based on LmPR: Like-minded people recommendation","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"2010 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education (ICAIE)"},{"issue":"100097","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib91","article-title":"A systematic review of artificial intelligence techniques for collaborative learning over the past two decades","volume":"3","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0007-3","article-title":"A configurable conversational agent to trigger students\u2019 productive dialogue: A pilot study in the call domain","volume":"24","author":"Tegos","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2021.710856","article-title":"Agent-Supported peer collaboration in MOOCs","volume":"4","author":"Tegos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807190116","article-title":"Citizen science frontiers: Efficiency, engagement, and serendipitous discovery with human\u2013machine systems","volume":"116","author":"Trouille","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2019.1616567","article-title":"Can an Orchestration System Increase Collaborative, Productive Struggle in Teaching-by-Eliciting Classrooms?","volume":"29","author":"VanLehn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jedm.12129","article-title":"Computational psychometrics in support of collaborative educational assessments","volume":"54","author":"Von Davier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Measurement"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0001-9","article-title":"Adaptive Intelligent Support to Improve Peer Tutoring in Algebra","volume":"24","author":"Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11412-006-6840-8","article-title":"A dialogic understanding of the relationship between CSCL and teaching thinking skills","volume":"1","author":"Wegerif","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib100","unstructured":"Wegerif, R. (2017). Rupert Wegerif. What Exactly Are \u201cGround Rules\u201d? https:\/\/www.rupertwegerif.name\/blog\/what-exactly-are-ground-rules. Accessed 21 Feb 2023."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib101","series-title":"Connecting computer-supported collaborative learning to policy and practice: CSCL2011 conference proceedings, volume I \u2014 Long papers","first-page":"312","article-title":"Technology and dialogic space: Lessons from history and from the \u2018Argunaut\u2019 and \u2018Metafora\u2019 projects","author":"Wegerif","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib102","series-title":"The Theory of Educational Technology: A dialogic foundation for design","author":"Wegerif","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4752(99)00013-4","article-title":"From social interaction to individual reasoning: An empirical investigation of a possible socio-cultural model of cognitive development","volume":"9","author":"Wegerif","year":"1999","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib104","series-title":"The Routledge international handbook of research on teaching thinking","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib105","series-title":"Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity","author":"Wenger","year":"1998"},{"issue":"6004","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193147","article-title":"Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups","volume":"330","author":"Woolley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2005.04.019","article-title":"Community-organizing agent: An artificial intelligent system for building learning communities among large numbers of learners","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib108","first-page":"193","article-title":"Learning how to learn together (L2L2): Developing tools to support an essential complex competence for the internet age","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Conference, CSCL"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib109","first-page":"1","article-title":"Can Crowds Customize Instructional Materials with Minimal Expert Guidance?: Exploring Teacher-Guided Crowdsourcing for Improving Hints in an AI-Based Tutor","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-013-0010-8","article-title":"Can online discussion participation predict group project performance? Investigating the roles of linguistic features and participation patterns","volume":"24","author":"Yoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-020-00224-0","article-title":"Teens-Online: A Game Theory-Based Collaborative Platform for Privacy Education","volume":"31","author":"Yusri","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib112","first-page":"188","article-title":"Topic modeling and sentiment analysis in facebook to enhance students\u2019 learning","volume":"94","author":"Zarra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-019-0171-0","article-title":"Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education \u2013 Where are the educators?","volume":"16","author":"Zawacki-Richter","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22191","article-title":"Forming automatic groups of learners using particle swarm optimization for applications of differentiated instruction","volume":"28","author":"Zervoudakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computer Applications in Engineering Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107524","article-title":"Teaching Agents to Understand Teamwork: Evaluating and Predicting Collective Intelligence as a Latent Variable via Hidden Markov Models","volume":"139","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib116","first-page":"174","article-title":"Effects of personalized intervention on collaborative knowledge building, group performance, socially shared metacognitive regulation, and cognitive load in computer-supported collaborative learning","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2021.1883549","article-title":"Effects of personalised feedback approach on knowledge building, emotions, co-regulated behavioural patterns and cognitive load in online collaborative learning","volume":"47","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13156","article-title":"Effects of a learning analytics-based real-time feedback approach on knowledge elaboration, knowledge convergence, interactive relationships and group performance in CSCL","volume":"53","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7_bib119","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using AI-empowered assessments and personalized recommendations to promote online collaborative learning performance","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Technology in Education"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226001423?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226001423?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:51:08Z","timestamp":1779087068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1560429226001423"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1560429226001423"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1560-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1560-4292","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Using AI to Support Education for Collective Intelligence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00437-7","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2024 International Artificial Intelligence in Education Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}