{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T12:46:44Z","timestamp":1776084404394,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Artif Intell Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00446-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T16:19:38Z","timestamp":1733415578000},"page":"1445-1464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["How Learners\u2019 Trust Changes in Generative AI over a Semester of Undergraduate Courses"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0306-6721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donggil","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"446_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adeshola, I., & Adepoju, A. P. (2023). The opportunities and challenges of ChatGPT in education. Interactive Learning Environments, 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2253858"},{"key":"446_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amoozadeh, M., Daniels, D., Nam, D., Kumar, A., Chen, S., Hilton, M., Ragavan, S., S., & Alipour, M. A. (2024). Trust in Generative AI among students: An exploratory study. Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1.","DOI":"10.1145\/3626252.3630842"},{"key":"446_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Appelganc, K., Rieger, T., Roesler, E., & Manzey, D. (2022). How much reliability is enough? A context-specific view on human interaction with (artificial) agents from different perspectives (Vol. 16, pp. 207\u2013221). Sage Publications Sage CA.","DOI":"10.1177\/15553434221104615"},{"issue":"4\/5","key":"446_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2019.2942288","volume":"63","author":"M Arnold","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnold, M., Bellamy, R. K., Hind, M., Houde, S., Mehta, S., Mojsilovi\u0107, A., Nair, R., Ramamurthy, K. N., Olteanu, A., & Piorkowski, D. (2019). FactSheets: Increasing trust in AI services through supplier\u2019s declarations of conformity. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 63(4\/5), 1\u201313.","journal-title":"IBM Journal of Research and Development"},{"key":"446_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asan, O., Bayrak, A. E., & Choudhury, A. (2020). Artificial intelligence and human trust in healthcare: Focus on clinicians. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e15154.","DOI":"10.2196\/15154"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.94.2.416","volume":"94","author":"RK Atkinson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Atkinson, R. K. (2002). Optimizing learning from examples using animated pedagogical agents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(2), 416\u2013427.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1108\/JEIM-06-2020-0233","volume":"35","author":"P Bedu\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bedu\u00e9, P., & Fritzsche, A. (2022). Can we trust AI? An empirical investigation of trust requirements and guide to successful AI adoption. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 35(2), 530\u2013549.","journal-title":"Journal of Enterprise Information Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00065","volume":"6","author":"I Benbasat","year":"2005","unstructured":"Benbasat, I., & Wang, W. (2005). Trust in and adoption of online recommendation agents. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 6(3), 72\u2013101.","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"key":"446_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107903","volume":"148","author":"M Benvenuti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benvenuti, M., Cangelosi, A., Weinberger, A., Mazzoni, E., Benassi, M., Barbaresi, M., & Orsoni, M. (2023). Artificial intelligence and human behavioral development: A perspective on new skills and competences acquisition for the educational context. Computers in Human Behavior, 148, 107903.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.20839","volume":"30","author":"OV Bitkina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bitkina, O. V., Jeong, H., Lee, B. C., Park, J., Park, J., & Kim, H. K. (2020). Perceived trust in artificial intelligence technologies: A preliminary study. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 30(4), 282\u2013290.","journal-title":"Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/jee.20023","volume":"102","author":"M Borrego","year":"2013","unstructured":"Borrego, M., Karlin, J., McNair, L. D., & Beddoes, K. (2013). Team effectiveness theory from industrial and organizational psychology applied to engineering student project teams: A research review. Journal of Engineering Education, 102(4), 472\u2013512.","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00356-z","volume":"34","author":"P Brusilovsky","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brusilovsky, P. (2024). AI in education, learner control, and human-AI collaboration. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 34(1), 122\u2013135.","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"446_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2023.102026","volume":"83","author":"I Celik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Celik, I. (2023). Exploring the determinants of artificial intelligence (Ai) literacy: Digital divide, computational thinking, cognitive absorption. Telematics and Informatics, 83, 102026.","journal-title":"Telematics and Informatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"446_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E200","DOI":"10.1097\/NNE.0000000000001476","volume":"48","author":"MMK Chan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan, M. M. K., Wong, I. S. F., Yau, S. Y., & Lam, V. S. F. (2023). Critical reflection on using ChatGPT in student learning: Benefits or potential risks? Nurse Educator, 48(6), E200\u2013E201.","journal-title":"Nurse Educator"},{"key":"446_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, D. H., Lin, M. P. C., Hajian, S., & Wang, Q. Q. (2023). Educational design principles of using AI chatbot that supports self-regulated learning in education: Goal setting, feedback, and personalization. Sustainability, 15(17), 12921.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151712921"},{"issue":"5","key":"446_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2008.11.026","volume":"36","author":"CM Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen, C. M. (2009). Personalized E-learning system with self-regulated learning assisted mechanisms for promoting learning performance. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(5), 8816\u20138829.","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"9","key":"446_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2050543","volume":"39","author":"H Choung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choung, H., David, P., & Ross, A. (2023). Trust in AI and its role in the acceptance of AI technologies. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction, 39(9), 1727\u20131739.","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1980.tb00005.x","volume":"53","author":"J Cook","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfilment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53(1), 39\u201352.","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijme.2023.100822","volume":"21","author":"D Dalalah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dalalah, D., & Dalalah, O. M. (2023). The false positives and false negatives of generative AI detection tools in education and academic research: The case of ChatGPT. The International Journal of Management Education, 21(2), 100822.","journal-title":"The International Journal of Management Education"},{"key":"446_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dempere, J., Modugu, K., Hesham, A., & Ramasamy, L. K. (2023). The impact of ChatGPT on higher education. Frontiers in Education.","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1206936"},{"issue":"5","key":"446_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1108\/IJoEM-07-2017-0234","volume":"13","author":"J Ejdys","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ejdys, J. (2018). Building technology trust in ICT application at a university. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 13(5), 980\u2013997.","journal-title":"International Journal of Emerging Markets"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.46328\/ijte.651","volume":"7","author":"T Famaye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Famaye, T., Bailey, C. S., Adisa, I., & Irgens, G. A. (2024). What makes ChatGPT dangerous is also what makes it special: High-school student perspectives on the integration or ban of artificial intelligence in educational contexts. International Journal of Technology in Education (IJTE), 7(2), 174\u2013199.","journal-title":"International Journal of Technology in Education (IJTE)"},{"key":"446_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feher, K., Vicsek, L., & Deuze, M. (2024). Modeling AI trust for 2050: Perspectives from media and info-communication experts. AI & Society, 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01827-6"},{"key":"446_CR23","unstructured":"Fraenkel, J., Wallen, N., & Hyun, H. (2023). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"446_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-015-9611-0","volume":"19","author":"L Gao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gao, L., & Waechter, K. A. (2017). Examining the role of initial trust in user adoption of mobile payment services: An empirical investigation. Information Systems Frontiers, 19, 525\u2013548.","journal-title":"Information Systems Frontiers"},{"key":"446_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ga\u0161evi\u0107, D., Siemens, G., & Sadiq, S. (2023). Empowering learners for the age of artificial intelligence (Vol. 4, p. 100130). Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100130"},{"key":"446_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaver, W. W. (1991). Technology affordances. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems.","DOI":"10.1145\/108844.108856"},{"key":"446_CR27","unstructured":"Gibson, J. (1977). The theory of affordances. In R. E. Shaw, & J. Bransford (Eds.), Perceiving, acting and knowing. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"446_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106607","volume":"115","author":"O Gillath","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gillath, O., Ai, T., Branicky, M. S., Keshmiri, S., Davison, R. B., & Spaulding, R. (2021). Attachment and trust in artificial intelligence. Computers in Human Behavior, 115, 106607.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"446_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hennekeuser, D., Vaziri, D. D., Golchinfar, D., Schreiber, D., & Stevens, G. (2024). Enlarged education\u2013exploring the Use of Generative AI to support lecturing in Higher Education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 1\u201333.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00424-y"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR30","first-page":"1","volume":"52","author":"H Hoehle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoehle, H., Huff, S., & Goode, S. (2012). The role of continuous trust in information systems continuance. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 52(4), 1\u20139.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Information Systems"},{"key":"446_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horowitz, M. C., Kahn, L., Macdonald, J., & Schneider, J. (2023). Adopting AI: How familiarity breeds both trust and contempt. AI & Society, 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01666-5"},{"key":"446_CR32","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Giacaman, N., & Donald, C. (2024). Enhancing trust in Generative AI. 14th Learning Analytics & Knowledge Conference (LAK\u201924)."},{"key":"446_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacovi, A., Marasovi\u0107, A., Miller, T., & Goldberg, Y. (2021). Formalizing trust in artificial intelligence: Prerequisites, causes and goals of human trust in AI. Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency.","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445923"},{"key":"446_CR34","unstructured":"Johnson, W. L. (2023). How to harness generative AI to accelerate human learning. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 1\u20135."},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/01587910802154970","volume":"29","author":"JM Keller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Keller, J. M. (2008). First principles of motivation to learn and e3-learning. Distance Education, 29(2), 175\u2013185.","journal-title":"Distance Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-023-00351-4","volume":"34","author":"RF Kizilcec","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kizilcec, R. F. (2024). To advance AI use in education, focus on understanding educators. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 34(1), 12\u201319.","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"446_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knowles, B., Richards, J. T. The sanction of authority: Promoting public trust in AI. Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and, & Transparency (2021).","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445890"},{"key":"446_CR38","unstructured":"Kolb, D. A. (2014). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT."},{"key":"446_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.01.005","volume":"72","author":"\u00d6 Korkmaz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Korkmaz, \u00d6., \u00c7akir, R., & \u00d6zden, M. Y. (2017). A validity and reliability study of the computational thinking scales (CTS). Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 558\u2013569.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01401-6","volume":"38","author":"S Kr\u00fcger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger, S., & Wilson, C. (2023). The problem with trust: On the discursive commodification of trust in AI. AI & SOCIETY, 38(4), 1753\u20131761.","journal-title":"AI & SOCIETY"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2013.09.001","volume":"23","author":"N Lankton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lankton, N., McKnight, D. H., & Thatcher, J. B. (2014). Incorporating trust-in-technology into Expectation Disconfirmation Theory. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 23(2), 128\u2013145.","journal-title":"The Journal of Strategic Information Systems"},{"issue":"10","key":"446_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00411","volume":"16","author":"NK Lankton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lankton, N. K., McKnight, D. H., & Tripp, J. (2015). Technology, humanness, and trust: Rethinking trust in technology. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 16(10), 1.","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"issue":"5","key":"446_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-022-10142-8","volume":"70","author":"YF Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee, Y. F., Hwang, G. J., & Chen, P. Y. (2022). Impacts of an AI-based chatbot on college students\u2019 after-class review, academic performance, self-efficacy, learning attitude, and motivation. Educational Technology Research and Development, 70(5), 1843\u20131865.","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-022-01589-7","volume":"38","author":"A Lehti\u00f6","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lehti\u00f6, A., Hartikainen, M., Ala-Luopa, S., Olsson, T., & V\u00e4\u00e4n\u00e4nen, K. (2023). Understanding citizen perceptions of AI in the smart city. AI & SOCIETY, 38(3), 1123\u20131134.","journal-title":"AI & SOCIETY"},{"key":"446_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeo.2021.100056","volume":"2","author":"DJ Lemay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lemay, D. J., Basnet, R. B., Doleck, T., Bazelais, P., & Saxena, A. (2021). Instructional interventions for computational thinking: Examining the link between computational thinking and academic performance. Computers and Education Open, 2, 100056.","journal-title":"Computers and Education Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2008.01.001","volume":"17","author":"X Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li, X., Hess, T. J., & Valacich, J. S. (2008). Why do we trust new technology? A study of initial trust formation with organizational information systems. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 17(1), 39\u201371.","journal-title":"The Journal of Strategic Information Systems"},{"key":"446_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, Q. V., Sundar, S. S. Designing for responsible trust in AI systems: A communication perspective. Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and, & Transparency (2022).","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533182"},{"key":"446_CR48","unstructured":"Lippert, A., & Song, D. (2023). Combining knowledge visualization and intelligent tutoring to support learning in STEM education: The development of KVIS (Knowledge Visualization Intelligent System). The 53rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Computation in Psychology, San Francisco, California."},{"key":"446_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lockey, S., Gillespie, N., Holm, D., & Someh, I. A. (2021). A review of trust in artificial intelligence: Challenges, vulnerabilities and future directions.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2021.664"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1985347.1985353","volume":"2","author":"DH Mcknight","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mcknight, D. H., Carter, M., Thatcher, J. B., & Clay, P. F. (2011). Trust in a specific technology: An investigation of its components and measures. ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems (TMIS), 2(2), 1\u201325.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems (TMIS)"},{"issue":"7","key":"446_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2012.663002","volume":"55","author":"E Montague","year":"2012","unstructured":"Montague, E., & Asan, O. (2012). Trust in technology-mediated collaborative health encounters: Constructing trust in passive user interactions with technologies. Ergonomics, 55(7), 752\u2013761.","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"6","key":"446_CR52","first-page":"23","volume":"44","author":"R Moreno","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moreno, R. (2004). Animated pedagogical agents in educational technology. Educational Technology, 44(6), 23\u201330.","journal-title":"Educational Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13232","volume":"53","author":"T Nazaretsky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nazaretsky, T., Ariely, M., Cukurova, M., & Alexandron, G. (2022). Teachers\u2019 trust in AI-powered educational technology and a professional development program to improve it. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(4), 914\u2013931.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"446_CR54","unstructured":"OECD (2019). Recommendation of the council on artificial intelligence - oecd\/legal\/0449. https:\/\/legalinstruments.oecd.org\/en\/instruments\/OECD-LEGAL-0449"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633119839177","volume":"58","author":"EY Oh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oh, E. Y., Song, D., & Hong, H. (2020). Interactive computing technology in anti-bullying education: The effects of conversation-bot\u2019s role on K-12 students\u2019 attitude change toward bullying problems. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 58(1), 200\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0735633119839177","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"446_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2022.121763","volume":"181","author":"N Omrani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Omrani, N., Rivieccio, G., Fiore, U., Schiavone, F., & Agreda, S. G. (2022). To trust or not to trust? An assessment of trust in AI-based systems: Concerns, ethics and contexts. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 181, 121763.","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1086\/208613","volume":"2","author":"JP Peter","year":"1975","unstructured":"Peter, J. P., & Tarpey Sr, L. X. (1975). A comparative analysis of three consumer decision strategies. Journal of Consumer Research, 2(1), 29\u201337.","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"key":"446_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pink, S., Quilty, E., Grundy, J., & Hoda, R. (2024). Trust, artificial intelligence and software practitioners: An interdisciplinary agenda (pp. 1\u201314). AI & SOCIETY.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-024-01882-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.82.1.33","volume":"82","author":"PR Pintrich","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 33\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.82.1.33","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"446_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12994","volume":"51","author":"F Qin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qin, F., Li, K., & Yan, J. (2020). Understanding user trust in artificial intelligence-based educational systems: Evidence from China. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(5), 1693\u20131710.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR61","first-page":"127","volume":"72","author":"F Rossi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rossi, F. (2018). Building trust in artificial intelligence. Journal of International Affairs, 72(1), 127\u2013134.","journal-title":"Journal of International Affairs"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1998.926617","volume":"23","author":"DM Rousseau","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rousseau, D. M., Sitkin, S. B., Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 393\u2013404.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"10","key":"446_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2021.1909755","volume":"64","author":"T Sa\u00dfmannshausen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sa\u00dfmannshausen, T., Burggr\u00e4f, P., Wagner, J., Hassenzahl, M., Heupel, T., & Steinberg, F. (2021). Trust in artificial intelligence within production management\u2013an exploration of antecedents. Ergonomics, 64(10), 1333\u20131350.","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"446_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2012.07.005","volume":"56","author":"M Schwinger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schwinger, M., & Stiensmeier-Pelster, J. (2012). Effects of motivational regulation on effort and achievement: A mediation model. International Journal of Educational Research, 56, 35\u201347.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"446_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102551","volume":"146","author":"D Shin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shin, D. (2021). The effects of explainability and causability on perception, trust, and acceptance: Implications for explainable AI. International Journal of human-computer Studies, 146, 102551.","journal-title":"International Journal of human-computer Studies"},{"key":"446_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, Y., & Song, D. (2022). The effects of Self-regulated learning support on Learners\u2019 Task Performance and cognitive load in Computer Programing. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 07356331211052632.","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331211052632"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3419764","volume":"10","author":"B Shneiderman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shneiderman, B. (2020). Bridging the gap between ethics and practice: Guidelines for reliable, safe, and trustworthy human-centered AI systems. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS), 10(4), 1\u201331.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS)"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-020-00689-0","volume":"35","author":"C Sindermann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sindermann, C., Sha, P., Zhou, M., Wernicke, J., Schmitt, H. S., Li, M., Sariyska, R., Stavrou, M., Becker, B., & Montag, C. (2021). Assessing the attitude towards artificial intelligence: Introduction of a short measure in German, Chinese, and English language. KI-K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz, 35(1), 109\u2013118.","journal-title":"KI-K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.55284\/ajel.v9i1.1024","volume":"9","author":"D Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song, D. (2024). Artificial intelligence for human learning: A review of machine learning techniques used in education research and a suggestion of a learning design model. American Journal of Education and Learning, 9(1), 1\u201321.","journal-title":"American Journal of Education and Learning"},{"key":"446_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, D., Oh, E. Y., & Rice, M. (2017). Interacting with a conversational agent system for educational purposes in online courses. 2017 10th international conference on human system interactions (HSI).","DOI":"10.1109\/HSI.2017.8005002"},{"key":"446_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106746","volume":"120","author":"D Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song, D., Hong, H., & Oh, E. Y. (2021). Applying computational analysis of novice learners\u2019 computer programming patterns to reveal self-regulated learning, computational thinking, and learning performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 120, 106746.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR71","first-page":"46","volume":"25","author":"D Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song, D., Oh, E. Y., & Hong, H. (2022). The impact of Teaching Simulation using Student Chatbots with different attitudes on Preservice teachers\u2019 efficacy. Educational Technology & Society, 25(3), 46\u201359.","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"446_CR73","unstructured":"Takagi, N. M. (2023). Banning of ChatGPT from Educational Spaces: A Reddit Perspective. Proceedings of the Joint 3rd International Conference on Natural Language Processing for Digital Humanities and 8th International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages."},{"key":"446_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toreini, E., Aitken, M., Coopamootoo, K., Elliott, K., Zelaya, C. G., & Van Moorsel, A. (2020). The relationship between trust in AI and trustworthy machine learning technologies. Proceedings of the 2020 conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency.","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372834"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-022-00314-1","volume":"33","author":"D Touretzky","year":"2023","unstructured":"Touretzky, D., Gardner-McCune, C., & Seehorn, D. (2023). Machine learning and the five big ideas in AI. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 33(2), 233\u2013266.","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"CSCW2","key":"446_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3476068","volume":"5","author":"O Vereschak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vereschak, O., Bailly, G., & Caramiaux, B. (2021). How to evaluate trust in AI-assisted decision making? A survey of empirical methodologies. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(CSCW2), 1\u201339.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"446_CR77","unstructured":"Vincent-Lancrin, S., & Van der Vlies, R. (2020). Trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) in education: Promises and challenges."},{"key":"446_CR78","unstructured":"Voskoglou, M. G., & Buckley, S. (2012). Problem solving and computational thinking in a learning environment. arXiv preprint arXiv:1212.0750."},{"key":"446_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vrabie, C. (2023). Education 3.0\u2013AI and Gamification Tools for Increasing Student Engagement and Knowledge Retention. In PLAIS EuroSymposium on Digital Transformation (pp. 74\u201387). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43590-4_5"},{"key":"446_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webb, J. J. (2023). Proof of Concept: Using ChatGPT to teach Emergency Physicians how to Break Bad News. Cureus, 15(5).","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.38755"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1145\/1118178.1118215","volume":"49","author":"JM Wing","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wing, J. M. (2006). Computational thinking. Communications of the ACM, 49(3), 33\u201335.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"446_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winne, P. H. (1996). A metacognitive view of individual differences in self-regulated learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 8(4), 327\u2013353.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1041-6080(96)90022-9"},{"key":"446_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolters, C., & Mueller, S. (2010). Motivation regulation.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-044894-7.00614-X"},{"key":"446_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41039-017-0053-9","volume":"12","author":"M Yamada","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yamada, M., Shimada, A., Okubo, F., Oi, M., Kojima, K., & Ogata, H. (2017). Learning analytics of the relationships among self-regulated learning, learning behaviors, and learning performance. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 12, 1\u201317.","journal-title":"Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning"},{"key":"446_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Chen, L., He, W., Sun, D., & Salas-Pilco, S. Z. (2024). Artificial Intelligence for enhancing Special Education for K-12: A decade of trends, themes, and global insights (2013\u20132023). International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 1\u201349.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-024-00422-0"},{"key":"446_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeti\u0307\u015fensoy, O., & Karaduman, H. (2024). The effect of AI-powered chatbots in social studies education. Education and Information Technologies, 1\u201335.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12485-6"},{"key":"446_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181712","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1181712","volume":"14","author":"H Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu, H. (2023). Reflection on whether Chat GPT should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1181712.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8812542","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8812542","volume":"2021","author":"X Zhai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhai, X., Chu, X., Chai, C. S., Jong, M. S. Y., Istenic, A., Spector, M., Liu, J. B., Yuan, J., & Li, Y. (2021). A review of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education from 2010 to 2020. Complexity, 2021(1), 8812542.","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2501_2","volume":"25","author":"BJ Zimmerman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Zimmerman, B. J. (1990). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An overview. Educational Psychologist, 25(1), 3\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15326985ep2501_2","journal-title":"Educational Psychologist"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00446-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00446-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00446-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T18:12:36Z","timestamp":1772647956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00446-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-024-00446-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4433522\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1560-4292","type":"print"},{"value":"1560-4306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 November 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}