{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T23:23:15Z","timestamp":1773098595606,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Artif Intell Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00507-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T16:54:34Z","timestamp":1755017674000},"page":"3529-3558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Leveraging Genai Tool in Design Drawing: A Case Study of an Architecture Course in a Chinese University"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Xiao-Kai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Feng-Kuang","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yu-Qiao","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xin-Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ying-Ying","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cher-Ping","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"507_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0650AI-Soufi, N., & El Shafie, H. (2025). Assessment of the current state of AI-aided design in architecture case study: design of a residential building in Riyadh City. Journal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector, 259\u2013314.","DOI":"10.21608\/auej.2024.293082.1671"},{"issue":"3","key":"507_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.21533\/pen.v10i3.3022","volume":"10","author":"MJO Alnema","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alnema, M. J. O., & Dabdoob, R. M. (2022). Exploring artistic abilities and creativity perceptions for the enrolled architectural engineering students. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences,\n10(3), 197\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21533\/pen.v10i3.3022","journal-title":"Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences"},{"key":"507_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amoozadeh, M., Daniels, D., Nam, D., Chen, S., Hilton, M., Ragavan, S., & Alipour, M. (2023). Trust in generative AI among students: An exploratory study. ArXiv, abs\/2310.04631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2310.04631","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2310.04631"},{"key":"507_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bano, S., UET, N., & Asif, S. (2017). Experiences of teaching basic design as foundation course to beginners with no background in drawing skills: A case of architecture department at NED university of engineering & technology. Journal of Research in Architecture and Planning, 9.","DOI":"10.53700\/jrap2322017_2"},{"issue":"2","key":"507_CR5","first-page":"115","volume":"21","author":"A Bia\u0142kiewicz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bia\u0142kiewicz, A. (2019). Propaedeutics of teaching drawing to architects. Global Journal of Engineering Education,\n21(2), 115\u2013120.","journal-title":"Global Journal of Engineering Education"},{"key":"507_CR6","unstructured":"Biggs, J. B. (1999). Teaching for quality learning at university: What the student does. McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"507_CR7","volume-title":"Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals","author":"BS Bloom","year":"1956","unstructured":"Bloom, B. S. (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook I Cognitive Domain. Longmans."},{"issue":"24","key":"507_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11135","DOI":"10.3390\/su162411135","volume":"16","author":"Y Cao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cao, Y., Gao, X., Yin, H., Yu, K., & Zhou, D. (2024). Reimagining tradition: A comparative study of artificial intelligence and virtual reality in sustainable architecture education. Sustainability, 16(24), 11135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su162411135","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"507_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2024.06.021","volume":"128","author":"Y Cha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cha, Y., Dai, Y., Lin, Z., Liu, A., & Lim, C. P. (2024). Empowering university educators to support generative AI-enabled learning: Proposing a competency framework. Procedia CIRP, 128, 256\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procir.2024.06.021","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"507_CR10","unstructured":"Chan, C. K. Y., & Tsi, L. H. (2023). The AI revolution in education: Will AI replace or assist teachers in higher education?. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.01185"},{"key":"507_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/03043797.2020.1718615","volume":"46","author":"J Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, J., Kolmos, A., & Du, X. (2020). Forms of implementation and challenges of PBL in engineering education: A review of literature. European Journal of Engineering Education, 46, 90\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03043797.2020.1718615","journal-title":"European Journal of Engineering Education"},{"key":"507_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H. (2023). Harnessing AI for Scientific Illustration: Exploring Tornado Dynamics Through Midjourney. 2023 12th International Conference on Awareness Science and Technology (iCAST), 136\u2013141.","DOI":"10.1109\/iCAST57874.2023.10359310"},{"issue":"23","key":"507_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.29019\/eidos.v17i23.1282","volume":"17","author":"LH Cheung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheung, L. H., & Dall\u2019Asta, J. C. (2024). Human-computer interaction (HCI): Approach to artificial intelligence in education (AIEd) in architectural design. E\u00eddos,\n17(23), 109\u2013131.","journal-title":"E\u00eddos"},{"key":"507_CR14","volume-title":"Design drawing","author":"FD Ching","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ching, F. D. (2019). Design drawing. John Wiley & Sons."},{"issue":"1","key":"507_CR15","first-page":"20","volume":"26","author":"J Cudzik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cudzik, J., Nyka, L., & Szczepa\u0144ski, J. (2024). Artificial intelligence in architectural education-green campus development research. Global Journal of Engineering Education,\n26(1), 20\u201325.","journal-title":"Global Journal of Engineering Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"507_CR16","first-page":"36","volume":"9","author":"N Derevyanko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Derevyanko, N., & Zalevska, O. (2023). Comparative analysis of neural networks Midjourney, Stable Diffusion, and DALL-E and ways of their implementation in the educational process of students of design specialities. Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University Series Pedagogy and Psychology,\n9(3), 36\u201344.","journal-title":"Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University Series Pedagogy and Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"507_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2011.07.006","volume":"32","author":"K Dorst","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dorst, K. (2011). The core of \u2018design thinking\u2019 and its application. Design Studies, 32(6), 521\u2013532.","journal-title":"Design Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"507_CR18","first-page":"101","volume":"3","author":"N\u015e Erdo\u011fan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erdo\u011fan, N. \u015e, \u00d6zdo\u011fan, M., & Korkmaz, S. Z. (2021). Review of architectural education processes applied by Turkey and member countries of the European Unions. IDA: International Design and Art Journal,\n3(1), 101\u2013116.","journal-title":"IDA: International Design and Art Journal"},{"key":"507_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felix, C. V. (2020). The role of the teacher and AI in education. International perspectives on the role of technology in humanizing higher education, 33\u201348. Emerald Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1108\/S2055-364120200000033003"},{"key":"507_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleischmann, K. (2024). Generative Artificial Intelligence in Graphic Design Education: A Student Perspective. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology \/ Revue canadienne de l\u2019apprentissage et de la technologie, 50(1), 1\u201317. https:\/\/cjlt.ca\/index.php\/cjlt\/article\/view\/28618. Accessed 6 May 2025.","DOI":"10.21432\/cjlt28618"},{"key":"507_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/03043797.2011.624173","volume":"36","author":"K Gavin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gavin, K. (2011). Case study of a project-based learning course in civil engineering design. European Journal of Engineering Education, 36, 547\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03043797.2011.624173","journal-title":"European Journal of Engineering Education"},{"key":"507_CR22","unstructured":"Gong, Y. \u5bab\u5b87. (2022). \u667a\u80fd\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4e0e\u89c6\u89c9\u4f20\u8fbe\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e13\u4e1a\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u878d\u5408.[The deep integration of artificial intelligence and visual communication design teaching in the intelligent era]. \u73b0\u4ee3\u804c\u4e1a\u6559\u80b2(28),154\u2013156."},{"key":"507_CR23","unstructured":"Gozalo-Brizuela, R., & Garrido-Merchan, E. C. (2023). ChatGPT is not all you need. A State of the Art Review of large Generative AI models. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2301.04655. Accessed 6 May 2025."},{"key":"507_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G\u00fcl, L.F., Delikanl\u0131, B., \u00dcne\u015fi, O., G\u00fcl, E.\u00d6. (2024, September 15\u201318). Exploring Co-design with an AI Partner: The GAI-A Interface in Architectural Education. The 21st International Conference on Cooperative Design, Visualization and Engineering, Valencia, Spain. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-71315-6_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-71315-6_1"},{"key":"507_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunarathna, C., Yang, R., Wijeratne Mudiyanselage, P., Amarasinghe, G., Samarasinghalage, T., Weerasinghe, R. N., ... & Dev Sureshkumar Jayakumari, S. (2024). Project-based learning for proactive skills development of postgraduate students in solar energy building design digitalisation.\u00a0Smart and Sustainable Built Environment,\u00a013(4), 828\u2013855.","DOI":"10.1108\/SASBE-08-2022-0173"},{"issue":"2","key":"507_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.70082\/esiculture.vi.1052","volume":"8","author":"D Hafiz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hafiz, D. (2024). Shaping tomorrow: The impact of AI on architectural history and interior design education. Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture, 8(2), 357\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.70082\/esiculture.vi.1052","journal-title":"Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture"},{"issue":"6","key":"507_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2017.2741510","volume":"34","author":"X He","year":"2017","unstructured":"He, X., & Deng, L. (2017). Deep learning for image-to-text generation: A technical overview. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 34(6), 109\u2013116.","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine"},{"key":"507_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ito, T., Tanaka, M. S., Shin, M., & Miyazaki, K. (2021). The online PBL (project-based learning) education system using AI (artificial intelligence). DS 110: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Engineering and Product Design Education (E&PDE 2021), VIA Design, VIA University in Herning, Denmark. 9th-10th September 2021.","DOI":"10.35199\/EPDE.2021.19"},{"issue":"6","key":"507_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14061613","volume":"14","author":"S Jin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jin, S., Tu, H., Li, J., Fang, Y., Qu, Z., Xu, F., Liu, Kun, & Lin, Y. (2024). Enhancing architectural education through artificial intelligence: A case study of an AI-assisted architectural programming and design course. Buildings,\n14(6), Article 1613.","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"issue":"1","key":"507_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.24002\/jarina.v3i1.8347","volume":"3","author":"T Kee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kee, T., Kuys, B., & King, R. (2024). Generative artificial intelligence to enhance architecture education to develop digital literacy and holistic competency. Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Architecture, 3(1), 24\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24002\/jarina.v3i1.8347","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Architecture"},{"key":"507_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14082578","author":"D Komatina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Komatina, D., Mileti\u0107, M., & Mosurovi\u0107 Ru\u017ei\u010di\u0107, M. (2024). Embracing artificial intelligence (AI) in architectural education: A step towards sustainable practice? Buildings. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings14082578","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"507_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurtz, G., Amzalag, M., Shaked, N., Zaguri, Y., Kohen-Vacs, D., Gal, E., \u2026 & Barak-Medina, E. (2024). Strategies for integrating generative ai into higher education: navigating challenges and leveraging opportunities. Education Sciences, 14(5), 503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci14050503","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14050503"},{"key":"507_CR33","unstructured":"Kusam, V. A. (2024). Generative-AI assisted feedback provisioning for project-based learning in CS education (Doctoral dissertation)"},{"key":"507_CR34","unstructured":"Latto, J. (2024). Pedagogical Benefits of Embedding Project-Based Learning (PBL) into the Architectural Curriculum: A Case Study. The 57th International Conference of the Architectural Science Association 2024: Harmony in Architectural Science and Design: Sustaining the Future."},{"key":"507_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lekesiz, G., & M\u00fcezzino\u011flu, C. (2025). An approach to AI-supported learning in architectural education: Case of speculative space design. Editorial Board, 217.","DOI":"10.58278\/0.2025.81"},{"key":"507_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., & Wang, X. (2023). Research on the Status Quo and Countermeasures of Art Education in Rural China. International Journal of New Developments in Education, 5(18)","DOI":"10.25236\/IJNDE.2023.051812"},{"key":"507_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Zhang, T., Du, X., Zhang, Y., & Xie, H. (2024). Generative AI models for different steps in architectural design: A literature review. Frontiers of Architectural Research.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foar.2024.10.001"},{"key":"507_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, M. \u674e\u660e\u6850. (2023). \u5efa\u7b51\u7a7a\u95f4\u7f8e\u5b66\u4e0e\u7f8e\u672f\u8272\u5f69\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u8054\u4e0e\u8ba2\u5236\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u4e8e\u5efa\u7b51\u7c7b\u5b66\u79d1\u7f8e\u672f\u8272\u5f69\u6559\u5b66\u6539\u9769 [The Correlation and Customization of Architectural Space Aesthetics and Art Color Teaching: Based on the Reform of Art Color Teaching in Architectural Disciplines]. \u7f8e\u4e0e\u65f6\u4ee3(\u4e2d)(01), 93\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16129\/j.cnki.mysdz.2023.01.052","DOI":"10.16129\/j.cnki.mysdz.2023.01.052"},{"key":"507_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, T., Gottipati, S., & Cheong, M. L. (2023). Ethical Considerations for Artificial Intelligence in Educational Assessments. Creative AI Tools and Ethical Implications in Teaching and Learning, 32\u201379. IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3693-0205-7.ch003"},{"issue":"5","key":"507_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331241242441","volume":"62","author":"J Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, J., Li, S., & Dong, Q. (2024). Collaboration with generative artificial intelligence: An exploratory study based on learning analytics. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 62(5), 1234\u20131266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07356331241242441","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"507_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makowska, B. (2023). Contemporary challenges in freehand drawing education at the faculties of architecture. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, 21(1).","DOI":"10.51588\/eaaeacp.257"},{"key":"507_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansour, N. (2024). Redefining Architectural Pedagogy: Navigating the Integration of Midjourney AI in Design Education. [Conference session]. 112th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings, Disruptors on the Edge, Vancouver, BC.","DOI":"10.35483\/ACSA.AM.112.24"},{"issue":"1","key":"507_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.71113\/JCSIS.v1i1.63","volume":"1","author":"Y Meng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meng, Y., Li, H., Yin, M., & Sun, S. (2024). Urban-rural disparities in art education resources in China mechanisms and equity perspectives. Journal of Current Social Issues Studies, 1(1), 40\u201350.","journal-title":"Journal of Current Social Issues Studies"},{"key":"507_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Min, J., Yu, B., & Zhang, X. \u95f5\u5609\u5251, \u4e8e\u535a\u67d4, \u5f20\u6615. (2023). \u751f\u6210\u5f0f\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6559\u5b66\u63a2\u7d22\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u201cAI\u201d\u751f\u6210\u5f0f\u5f71\u50cf\u201d\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e3a\u4f8b [Exploring Design Studio Pedagogy in the Age of Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Case Study of the Studio Class of a Generative AI Short Filmoat School of Architecture, Tsinghua University]. \u5efa\u7b51\u5b66\u62a5(10),42\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19819\/j.cnki.ISSN0529-1399.202310007","DOI":"10.19819\/j.cnki.ISSN0529-1399.202310007"},{"key":"507_CR45","unstructured":"Ohambele, C. C., Maina, J. J., Stephen, H., & Okafor, C. A. (2016). Drawing Pre-knowledge and Design: A Case Study of Year Two Undergraduate Architecture Students of Ahmadu Bello University. [Conference session]. 21st Century Human Habitat: Issues, Sustainability and Development, Akure, Nigeria."},{"issue":"3","key":"507_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2005.11.002","volume":"27","author":"R Oxman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oxman, R. (2006). Theory and design in the first digital age. Design Studies, 27(3), 229\u2013265.","journal-title":"Design Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"507_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2478\/alfa-2023-0020","volume":"28","author":"L Petr\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petr\u00e1kov\u00e1, L., & \u0160imkovi\u010d, V. (2023). Architectural alchemy: Leveraging artificial intelligence for inspired design \u2013 A comprehensive study of creativity, control, and collaboration. Architecture Papers of the Faculty of Architecture and Design STU,\n28(4), 3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/alfa-2023-0020","journal-title":"Architecture Papers of the Faculty of Architecture and Design STU"},{"key":"507_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Savio, A. A., Carrasco, L. Z., Nakamatsu, E. C., Velarde, K. G., Martinez-Alonso, W., & Fischer, M. (2023). Applying Project-Based Learning (PBL) for Teaching Virtual Design Construction (VDC). International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy, 13(2).","DOI":"10.3991\/ijep.v13i2.35877"},{"key":"507_CR49","unstructured":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University. \u4e0a\u6d77\u4ea4\u901a\u5927\u5b66. (2022). \u4e0a\u6d77\u4ea4\u901a\u5927\u5b662022\u5e74\u201c\u601d\u6e90\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u62db\u751f\u7b80\u7ae0[Shanghai Jiao Tong University 2022 \"Siyuan Plan\" Enrollment Guide]. \nhttps:\/\/gk.sjtu.edu.cn\/Data\/View\/2804. Accessed 6 May 2025."},{"key":"507_CR50","first-page":"1138","volume":"33","author":"P Shekhar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shekhar, P., & Borrego, M. (2017). Implementing project-based learning in a civil engineering course: A practitioner\u2019s perspective. International Journal of Engineering Education, 33, 1138\u20131148.","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Education"},{"key":"507_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1109\/icbdie50010.2020.00108","volume":"2020","author":"G Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song, G., Wang, C., Nie, Y., & Chen, G. (2020). Research of the course design based on project-based learning for college computer major. International Conference on Big Data and Informatization Education (ICBDIE), 2020, 435\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icbdie50010.2020.00108","journal-title":"International Conference on Big Data and Informatization Education (ICBDIE)"},{"key":"507_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage7070170","volume":"7","author":"DHR Spennemann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Spennemann, D. H. R. (2024a). Generative artificial intelligence, human agency and the future of cultural heritage. Heritage, 7, 3597\u20133609.","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"key":"507_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage7030070","volume":"7","author":"DHR Spennemann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Spennemann, D. H. R. (2024b). Will artificial intelligence affect how cultural heritage will be managed in the future? Responses generated by four genAI models. Heritage,\n7, 1453\u20131471.","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"key":"507_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24002\/jarina.v2i2.7537","author":"S Tanugraha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tanugraha, S. (2023). Review using artificial intelligence-generating images: Exploring material ideas from MidJourney to improve vernacular designs. Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Architecture. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24002\/jarina.v2i2.7537","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Architecture"},{"key":"507_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON45650.2020.9125341","volume":"2020","author":"R Teixeira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teixeira, R., Silva, P., Shitsuka, R., Brito, M., Kaizer, B., & Silva, P. (2020). Project based learning in engineering education in close collaboration with industry. IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 2020, 1945\u20131953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EDUCON45650.2020.9125341","journal-title":"IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON)"},{"key":"507_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.37199\/f40002703","volume":"27","author":"A Tellios","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tellios, A., Koulali, P., & Valsamidou, K. (2023). Designing tomorrow: AI and the future of architectural design process. Forum A+P Interdisciplinary Journal of Architecture and Built Environment,\n27, 22\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37199\/f40002703","journal-title":"Forum A+P Interdisciplinary Journal of Architecture and Built Environment"},{"key":"507_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira-Sbruzzi, R., Ferreira, C., Barbosa, T., & Borges, R. (2021). Architecture and education:\" project based learning\" as a teaching strategy and learning of project in the interior design course of the federal institute of s\u00e3o paulo, brazil. EDULEARN21 Proceedings, 8627\u20138635. IATED.","DOI":"10.21125\/edulearn.2021.1740"},{"issue":"1","key":"507_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00677-9","volume":"7","author":"S Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, S., Zhou, M., Chen, T., Yang, X., Chen, G., Wang, M., & Gong, Q. (2017). Examining gray matter structure associated with academic performance in a large sample of Chinese high school students. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 893\u2013893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-00677-9","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"10","key":"507_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14103288","volume":"14","author":"C Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, C., & Huang, Y. (2024). Technological innovation in architectural design education: Empirical analysis and future directions of midjourney intelligent drawing software. Buildings,\n14(10), 3288.","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"507_CR60","first-page":"248","volume":"1","author":"S Yeom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yeom, S., Herbert, N., & Ryu, R. (2022). Project-based collaborative learning enhances students\u2019 programming performance. Proceedings of the 27th ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education, 1, 248\u2013254.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 27th ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education"},{"key":"507_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L., Wu, M. W., Cen, G., Xi, Y. X., Yan, X., & Qiu, T. H. (2023). AI-Assisted Project-Based Learning and Exploration in the Field of Electronic Information Engineering Majors. International Conference on Computer Science and Education, 278\u2013292. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-0791-1_24"},{"key":"507_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. (2023). A Comparative Study of Art and Design Education in the Internet+ Era Empowered by AI. 2023 3rd International Conference on Education, Information Management and Service Science, Qingdao, China. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/978-94-6463-264-4_39","DOI":"10.2991\/978-94-6463-264-4_39"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-025-00507-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40593-025-00507-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-025-00507-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T18:12:46Z","timestamp":1772647966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40593-025-00507-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["507"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-025-00507-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1560-4292","type":"print"},{"value":"1560-4306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 July 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Institutional Review Board for Human Research Protections (Approval number H20240576I) and the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) of the Education University of Hong Kong (Ref. 2024\u20132025-0006).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Financial Interests"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}