{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T19:31:04Z","timestamp":1772652664521,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"DIPF | Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Bildungsforschung und Bildungsinformation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Artif Intell Educ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) for psychomotor skills provide an accessible, scalable, and efficient solution, compared to tutors. Despite successes in the past, the research progress seems stagnating. Part of the reasons can be due to developing ITS for a very specific skill or task. In consequence, skills and the applications of those in their entirety are not presented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review, and examined existing ITS using Harrow\u2019s taxonomy, a skill continua framework, and dimensions of psychomotor skill learning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed a lack in consideration of offering different tasks to promote skill proficiency. Skills supported by ITS are majorly fine, closed, internally paced, discrete, individual, and simple skills. ITS focus majorly on technical, thus coordination aspects of motor abilities. Feedback and repetition are key methods to promote psychomotor skill learning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is potential considering other physical activities to promote skill proficiency. Similarly, it might be worth exploring ITS for skills that, for example, are gross, and open. Integrating tasks that target motor abilities, such as strength or flexibility, can be part of it. The integration of theories in ITS from related research fields, such as training periodization, can be investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T22:35:23Z","timestamp":1763505323000},"page":"2756-2796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Through the Telescope: A Systematic Review of Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Their Applications in Psychomotor Skill Learning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Romano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Di Mitri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Drachsler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"526_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1109\/tlt.2014.2340878","volume":"7","author":"A Aguirre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aguirre, A., Lozano-Rodero, A., Matey, L. M., Villamane, M., & Ferrero, B. (2014). A novel approach to diagnosing motor skills. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 7(4), 304\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tlt.2014.2340878","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"},{"key":"526_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104770","volume":"136","author":"S Alkadri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alkadri, S., Ledwos, N., Mirchi, N., Reich, A., Yilmaz, R., Driscoll, M., & Del Maestro, R. F. (2021). Utilizing a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network to assess a virtual reality surgical procedure. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 136, 104770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104770","journal-title":"Computers in Biology and Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"526_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2003.00309.x","volume":"13","author":"M Alricsson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alricsson, M., Harms-Ringdahl, K., Eriksson, K., & Werner, S. (2003). The effect of dance training on joint mobility, muscle flexibility, speed and agility in young cross-country skiers \u2013 a prospective controlled intervention study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 13(4), 237\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2003.00309.x","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports"},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0402_2","volume":"4","author":"JR Anderson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Anderson, J. R., Corbett, A. T., Koedinger, K. R., & Pelletier, R. (1995). Cognitive tutors: Lessons learned. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 4(2), 167\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327809jls0402_2","journal-title":"Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"526_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000219641.79092.e5","volume":"243","author":"PB Andreatta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Andreatta, P. B., Woodrum, D. T., Birkmeyer, J. D., Yellamanchilli, R. K., Doherty, G. M., Gauger, P. G., & Minter, R. M. (2006). Laparoscopic skills are improved with lapmentor\u2122\u00a0training: Results of a randomized, double-blinded study. Annals of Surgery, 243(6), 854\u2013863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.sla.0000219641.79092.e5","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"},{"key":"526_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ben-Gal, G., Weiss, E. I., Gafni, N., & Ziv, A. (2013). Testing manual dexterity using a virtual reality simulator: Reliability and validity. European Journal of Dental Education, 17(3), 138\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eje.12023. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/eje.12023. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eje.12023","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12023"},{"key":"526_CR7","volume-title":"Taxonomy of educational objectives, handbook i: The cognitive domain","author":"BS Bloom","year":"1956","unstructured":"Bloom, B. S. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives, handbook i: The cognitive domain. New York: Longmans, Green and Co."},{"key":"526_CR8","volume-title":"Theory and methodology of training: the key to athletic performance","author":"TO Bompa","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bompa, T. O., & Calcina, O. (1994). Theory and methodology of training: the key to athletic performance. Dubuque, IA: Kendall\/Hunt Pub."},{"issue":"5","key":"526_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-007-9589-x","volume":"22","author":"SMBI Botden","year":"2007","unstructured":"Botden, S. M. B. I., Torab, F., Buzink, S. N., & Jakimowicz, J. J. (2007). The importance of haptic feedback in laparoscopic suturing training and the additive value of virtual reality simulation. Surgical Endoscopy, 22(5), 1214\u20131222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-007-9589-x","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"issue":"141","key":"526_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.31392\/npu-nc.series15.2021.10(141).04","volume":"10","author":"R Boychuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boychuk, R., Vaskan, I., Kryzhanivskyi, V., & Hrabchuk, A. (2021). Ways of improving the method of control of coordination preparation of young athletes in playing sports. Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), 10(141), 18\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31392\/npu-nc.series15.2021.10(141).04","journal-title":"Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports)"},{"key":"526_CR11","unstructured":"Brandon, L. (2010). Anatomy for strength and fitness training for speed. McGraw-Hill Contemporary."},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1109\/tmrb.2020.2990692","volume":"2","author":"G Caccianiga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caccianiga, G., Mariani, A., De Momi, E., Cantarero, G., & Brown, J. D. (2020). An evaluation of inanimate and virtual reality training for psychomotor skill development in robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery. IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics, 2(2), 118\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tmrb.2020.2990692","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics"},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2004.10.002","volume":"36","author":"Y Cai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cai, Y., Chui, C., Ye, X., Fan, Z., & Anderson, J. (2006). Tactile vr for hand-eye coordination in simulated ptca. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 36(2), 167\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2004.10.002","journal-title":"Computers in Biology and Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"526_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2018.1437048","volume":"26","author":"S Cai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cai, S., Zhu, G., Wu, Y.-T., Liu, E., & Hu, X. (2018). A case study of gesture-based games in enhancing the fine motor skills and recognition of children with autism. Interactive Learning Environments, 26(8), 1039\u20131052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2018.1437048","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"526_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13445","author":"FP Cardenas Hernandez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cardenas Hernandez, F. P., Schneider, J., Di Mitri, D., Jivet, I., & Drachsler, H. (2024). Beyond hard workout: A multimodal framework for personalised running training with immersive technologies. British Journal of Educational Technology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13445","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"526_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0435","volume":"17","author":"A Casado","year":"2022","unstructured":"Casado, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Moh\u00edno, F., Gonz\u00e1lez-Rav\u00e9, J. M., & Foster, C. (2022). Training periodization, methods, intensity distribution, and volume in highly trained and elite distance runners: A systematic review. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 17(6), 820\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0435","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"},{"key":"526_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casas-Ortiz, A., Echeverria, J., & Santos, O. C. (2023). Chapter 18: Intelligent systems for psychomotor learning: A systematic review and two cases of study. In Handbook of artificial intelligence in education (pp. 390\u2013421). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. https:\/\/www.elgaronline.com\/view\/book\/9781800375413\/book-part-9781800375413-30.xml","DOI":"10.4337\/9781800375413.00030"},{"key":"526_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caskie Lewis-Clapper, R. (1992). The roles of team skills training and team building in improving performance. In Conference record for 1992 fifth conference on human factors and power plants (pp. 356\u2013358). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HFPP.1992.283383","DOI":"10.1109\/HFPP.1992.283383"},{"issue":"7","key":"526_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.03.024","volume":"35","author":"S-H Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang, S.-H., & Yu, N.-Y. (2014). The effect of computer-assisted therapeutic practice for children with handwriting deficit: A comparison with the effect of the traditional sensorimotor approach. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(7), 1648\u20131657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.03.024","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"526_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H.-T., He, Y.-Z., Chou, C.-L., Lee, S.-Y., Lin, B.-S. P., & Yu, J.-Y. (2013). Computer-assisted self-training system for sports exercise using kinects. In 2013 ieee international conference on multimedia and expo workshops (icmew) (pp. 1\u20134).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMEW.2013.6618307"},{"issue":"1","key":"526_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.33262\/cienciadigital.v5i1.1462","volume":"5","author":"MU Christian Rodolfo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Christian Rodolfo, M. U. (2021). La relaci\u00f3n fuerza-velocidad para la optimizaci\u00f3n del entrenamiento y prevenci\u00f3n de lesiones. Ciencia Digital, 5(1), 51\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33262\/cienciadigital.v5i1.1462","journal-title":"Ciencia Digital"},{"issue":"24","key":"526_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12973","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182412973","volume":"18","author":"VJ Clemente-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V. J., Ramos-Campo, D. J., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Parraca, J. A., & Batalha, N. (2021). The effect of periodization on training program adherence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 12973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182412973","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"526_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3164-7","volume":"47","author":"DJ Cox","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cox, D. J., Brown, T., Ross, V., Moncrief, M., Schmitt, R., Gaffney, G., & Reeve, R. (2017). Can youth with autism spectrum disorder use virtual reality driving simulation training to evaluate and improve driving performance? an exploratory study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2544\u20132555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-017-3164-7","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"526_CR24","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Developing and writing educational objectives","author":"RH Dave","year":"1970","unstructured":"Dave, R. H. (1970). Psychomotor levels. In R. J. Armstrong (Ed.), Developing and writing educational objectives (pp. 33\u201334). Tucson, AZ: Educational Innovators Press."},{"key":"526_CR25","unstructured":"Davis, B., Bull, R., Roscoe, J., & Roscoe, D. (2000). The nature and classification of skill. In Physical education and the study of sport (4th ed., pp. 284\u2013285). Mosby."},{"key":"526_CR26","unstructured":"di Cagno, A., Calcagno, G., Buonsenso, A., Iuliano, E., Innocenti, G., Piazza, M., & Fiorilli, G. (2019). Effects of static and dynamic stretching on upper limb explosive, isometric and endurance strength, in male volleyball players. Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology,124(1), 113\u2013121. https:\/\/oajournals.fupress.net\/index.php\/ijae\/article\/view\/1704"},{"issue":"4","key":"526_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-021-00281-z","volume":"32","author":"D Di Mitri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Di Mitri, D., Schneider, J., & Drachsler, H. (2021). Keep me in the loop: Real-time feedback with multimodal data. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(4), 1093\u20131118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-021-00281-z","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"14","key":"526_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143099","volume":"19","author":"D Di Mitri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Di Mitri, D., Schneider, J., Specht, M., & Drachsler, H. (2019). Detecting mistakes in cpr training with multimodal data and neural networks. Sensors, 19(14), 3099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19143099","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"526_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Di\u00a0Mitri, D., Schneider, J., & Drachsler, H. (2023). The rise of multimodal tutors in education. In O.\u00a0Zawacki-Richter, & I.\u00a0Jung (Eds.), Handbook of open, distance and digital education (pp. 1037\u20131056). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-19-2080-6_58","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-2080-6_58"},{"key":"526_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dias Pereira\u00a0dos Santos, A. (2017). Smart technology for supporting dance education. In Proceedings of the 25th conference on user modeling, adaptation and personalization (pp.\u00a0335\u2013338). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3079628.3079709","DOI":"10.1145\/3079628.3079709"},{"key":"526_CR31","unstructured":"Dias Pereira\u00a0dos Santos, A. (2019). Using motion sensor and machine learning to support the assessment of rhythmic skills in social partner dance: Bridging teacher, student and machine contexts (Doctoral dissertation). https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2123\/21302"},{"key":"526_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dietz, D., Oechsner, C., Ou, C., Chiossi, F., Sarto, F., Mayer, S., & Butz, A. (2022). Walk this beam: Impact of different balance assistance strategies and height exposure on performance and physiological arousal in vr. In Proceedings of the 28th acm symposium on virtual reality software and technology. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3562939.3567818","DOI":"10.1145\/3562939.3567818"},{"issue":"7","key":"526_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200207000-00002","volume":"112","author":"CV Edmond","year":"2002","unstructured":"Edmond, C. V. (2002). Impact of the endoscopic sinus surgical simulator on operating room performance. The Laryngoscope, 112(7), 1148\u20131158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005537-200207000-00002","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"10","key":"526_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-003-9264-9","volume":"18","author":"A Eversbusch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eversbusch, A., & Grantcharov, T. (2004). Learning curves and impact of psychomotor training on performance in simulated colonoscopy: A randomized trial using a virtual reality endoscopy trainer. Surgical Endoscopy, 18(10), 1514\u20131518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-003-9264-9","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"key":"526_CR35","unstructured":"Ferris, T. L. J., & Aziz, S. M. (2005). A psychomotor skills extension to bloom\u2019s taxonomy of education objectives for engineering education. In Conference iceer (exploring innovation in education and research) (pp. 1\u20136). Taipei, Taiwan: Exploring Innovation in Education and Research."},{"issue":"12","key":"526_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130110084773","volume":"44","author":"YA Fery","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fery, Y. A., & Ponserre, S. (2001). Enhancing the control of force in putting by video game training. Ergonomics, 44(12), 1025\u20131037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140130110084773","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"526_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1145\/350752.350756","volume":"11","author":"R Freedman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Freedman, R., Ali, S. S., & McRoy, S. (2000). Links: What is an intelligent tutoring system? Intelligence, 11(3), 15\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/350752.350756","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"526_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gal, G. B., Weiss, E. I., Gafni, N., & Ziv, A. (2011). Preliminary assessment of faculty and student perception of a haptic virtual reality simulator for training dental manual dexterity. Journal of Dental Education, 75(4), 496\u2013504. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21460270\/","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2011.75.4.tb05073.x"},{"key":"526_CR39","volume-title":"Advanced PE for edexcel","author":"F Galligan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Galligan, F., Maskery, C., Spence, J., Howe, D., Barry, T., Ruston, A., & Crawford, D. (2000). Advanced PE for edexcel. Harlow, England: Heinemann."},{"key":"526_CR40","unstructured":"Gentile, A. (2000). Skill acquisition: Action, movement, and neuromotor processes. (2nd ed., pp. 111\u2013187). Aspen."},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0155-y","volume":"28","author":"B Goldberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goldberg, B., Amburn, C., Ragusa, C., & Chen, D.-W. (2017). Modeling expert behavior in support of an adaptive psychomotor training environment: A marksmanship use case. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 28(2), 194\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-017-0155-y","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"526_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103266","volume":"97","author":"CS Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez, C. S., Toledo-Delgado, P. A., Mu\u00f1oz-Cruz, V., & Torres-Carrion, P. V. (2019). Serious games for rehabilitation: Gestural interaction in personalized gamified exercises through a recommender system. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 97, 103266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103266","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"526_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv127","volume":"71","author":"NP Gothe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gothe, N. P., & McAuley, E. (2015). Yoga is as good as stretching-strengthening exercises in improving functional fitness outcomes: Results from a randomized controlled trial. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 71(3), 406\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glv127","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"526_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2017.81.1.tb06252.x","volume":"81","author":"R Gottlieb","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gottlieb, R., Baechle, M. A., Janus, C., & Lanning, S. K. (2017). Predicting performance in technical preclinical dental courses using advanced simulation. Journal of Dental Education, 81(1), 101\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2017.81.1.tb06252.x","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"key":"526_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Graesser, A. C., VanLehn, K., Rose, C. P., Jordan, P. W., & Harter, D. (2001). Intelligent tutoring systems with conversational dialogue. AI Magazine, 22(4), 39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1609\/aimag.v22i4.1591. https:\/\/ojs.aaai.org\/aimagazine\/index.php\/aimagazine\/article\/view\/1591","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v22i4.1591"},{"issue":"1","key":"526_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2016.80.1.tb06062.x","volume":"80","author":"DG Gratton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gratton, D. G., Kwon, S. R., Blanchette, D., & Aquilino, S. A. (2016). Impact of digital tooth preparation evaluation technology on preclinical dental students\u2019 technical and self-evaluation skills. Journal of Dental Education, 80(1), 91\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2016.80.1.tb06062.x","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"key":"526_CR47","first-page":"42","volume":"15","author":"W Greller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Greller, W., & Drachsler, H. (2012). Translating learning into numbers: A generic framework for learning analytics. Educational Technology & Society, 15, 42\u201357.","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"526_CR48","unstructured":"Hadjakos, A., Aitenbichler, E., & M\u00fchlh\u00e4user, M. (2008). Syssomo: A pedagogical tool for analyzing movement variants between different pianists. (pp. 75\u201380). Pisa, Italy: Edizioni ETS."},{"key":"526_CR49","volume-title":"A taxonomy of the psychomotor domain: A guide for developing behavioral objectives","author":"AJ Harrow","year":"1972","unstructured":"Harrow, A. J. (1972). A taxonomy of the psychomotor domain: A guide for developing behavioral objectives. New York: David McKay Co."},{"key":"526_CR50","volume-title":"Strength training for sport","author":"R Hazeldine","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hazeldine, R. (1990). Strength training for sport. Ramsbury, England: Crowood Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"526_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1109\/toh.2014.2309135","volume":"7","author":"M Hirokawa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hirokawa, M., Uesugi, N., Furugori, S., Kitagawa, T., & Suzuki, K. (2014). Effect of haptic assistance on learning vehicle reverse parking skills. IEEE Transactions on Haptics, 7(3), 334\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/toh.2014.2309135","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics"},{"key":"526_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoque, M. E., Courgeon, M., Martin, J.-C., Mutlu, B., & Picard, R. W. (2013). Mach: My automated conversation coach. In Proceedings of the 2013 acm international joint conference on pervasive and ubiquitous computing. ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2493432.2493502"},{"issue":"23","key":"526_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6216-x","volume":"77","author":"N Ho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ho, N., Wong, P.-M., Chua, M., & Chui, C.-K. (2018). Virtual reality training for assembly of hybrid medical devices. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 77(23), 30651\u201330682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-018-6216-x","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"issue":"23","key":"526_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10679","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-014-2198-5","volume":"74","author":"S-Y Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang, S.-Y., Kuo, K.-P., & Lin, Y.-H. (2014). A golf swing analysis system using wii balance board and kinect sensors for novice players. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 74(23), 10679\u201310696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-014-2198-5","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"issue":"1","key":"526_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1760","DOI":"10.25248\/reas.e1760.2020","volume":"12","author":"RM Inchauspe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Inchauspe, R. M., Barbian, P. M., Santos, F. L. P., & Silva, M. S. D. (2020). The multidisciplinary team in sports: A narrative review. Revista Eletr\u00f4nica Acervo Sa\u00fade, 12(1), e1760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25248\/reas.e1760.2020","journal-title":"Revista Eletr\u00f4nica Acervo Sa\u00fade"},{"issue":"3","key":"526_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2020.1733456","volume":"92","author":"M-J Jeon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jeon, M.-J., Jeon, H.-S., Yi, C.-H., Kwon, O.-Y., You, S.-H., & Park, J.-H. (2020). Block and random practice: A wii fit dynamic balance training in older adults. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 92(3), 352\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.2020.1733456","journal-title":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport"},{"key":"526_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, L., Thomas, G., Dow, S., & Stanford, C. (2000). An initial evaluation of the iowa dental surgical simulator. Journal of Dental Education, 64(12), 847\u2013853. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11197946\/","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2000.64.12.tb03385.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00388-8","volume":"24","author":"D Johnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson, D., Damian, D., & Tzanetakis, G. (2019). Evaluating the effectiveness of mixed reality music instrument learning with the theremin. Virtual Reality, 24(2), 303\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-019-00388-8","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"526_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kale, G., Patil, V., & Munot, M. (2020). A novel and intelligent vision-based tutor for yog\u0101sana: e-yogaguru. Machine Vision and Applications, 32(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00138-020-01141-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-020-01141-x"},{"key":"526_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kast, M., Meyer, M., V\u00f6geli, C., Gross, M., & J\u00e4ncke, L. (2007). Computer-based multisensory learning in children with developmental dyslexia. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 25(3-4), 355\u2013369. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17943011\/","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2007-253417"},{"key":"526_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.07.192","volume":"3","author":"G Kermarrec","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kermarrec, G. (2015). Enhancing tactical skills in soccer: Advances from the naturalistic decision making approach. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 1148\u20131156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.07.192","journal-title":"Procedia Manufacturing"},{"issue":"4","key":"526_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0823-y","volume":"48","author":"J Kiely","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kiely, J. (2017). Periodization theory: Confronting an inconvenient truth. Sports Medicine, 48(4), 753\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-017-0823-y","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"526_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kitsikidis, A., Dimitropoulos, K., U\u011furca, D., Bay\u00e7ay, C., Yilmaz, E., Tsalakanidou, F., ... Grammalidis, N. (2015). A game-like application for dance learning using a natural human computer interface. In M.\u00a0Antona, & C.\u00a0Stephanidis (Eds.), Universal access in human-computer interaction. access to learning, health and well-being (pp. 472\u2013482). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-20684-4_46","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20684-4_46"},{"key":"526_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kolesnikov, M., Zefran, M., Steinberg, A. D., & Bashook, P. G. (2009). Periosim: Haptic virtual reality simulator for sensorimotor skill acquisition in dentistry. In 2009 ieee international conference on robotics and automation (pp. 689\u2013694). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROBOT.2009.5152751","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2009.5152751"},{"issue":"7","key":"526_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1109\/tvcg.2011.132","volume":"18","author":"A Kotranza","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kotranza, A., Lind, D. S., & Lok, B. (2012). Real-time evaluation and visualization of learner performance in a mixed-reality environment for clinical breast examination. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 18(7), 1101\u20131114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tvcg.2011.132","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"issue":"9","key":"526_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2015.79.9.tb06003.x","volume":"79","author":"SR Kwon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kwon, S. R., Hern\u00e1ndez, M., Blanchette, D. R., Lam, M. T., Gratton, D. G., & Aquilino, S. A. (2015). Effect of computer-assisted learning on students\u2019 dental anatomy waxing performance. Journal of Dental Education, 79(9), 1093\u20131100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2015.79.9.tb06003.x","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"key":"526_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kyan, M., Sun, G., Li, H., Zhong, L., Muneesawang, P., Dong, N., ... Guan, L. (2015). An approach to ballet dance training through ms kinect and visualization in a cave virtual reality environment. ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology, 6(2), 1\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2735951","DOI":"10.1145\/2735951"},{"issue":"3","key":"526_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10752-4","volume":"27","author":"G Lacey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lacey, G., Gozdzielewska, L., McAloney-Kocaman, K., Ruttle, J., Cronin, S., & Price, L. (2021). Psychomotor learning theory informing the design and evaluation of an interactive augmented reality hand hygiene training app for healthcare workers. Education and Information Technologies, 27(3), 3813\u20133832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10752-4","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"526_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/oti.1437","volume":"23","author":"S Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, S., Kim, Y., & Lee, B. (2016). Effect of virtual reality-based bilateral upper extremity training on upper extremity function after stroke: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Occupational Therapy International, 23(4), 357\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oti.1437","journal-title":"Occupational Therapy International"},{"issue":"14","key":"526_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3244","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143244","volume":"19","author":"BH Limbu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Limbu, B. H., Jarodzka, H., Klemke, R., & Specht, M. (2019). Can you ink while you blink? assessing mental effort in a sensor-based calligraphy trainer. Sensors, 19(14), 3244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19143244","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"526_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin, K.-C., Hung, H.-C., & Chen, N.-S. (2023). The effect of wearable technology on badminton learning performance: A multiple feedback wiser model in physical education. Smart Learning Environments, 10(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-023-00247-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-023-00247-9"},{"key":"526_CR72","unstructured":"Lin, K.-C., Lee, D. S., an Chien, S., hui Vanessa\u00a0Chiang, Y., & Chen, N.-S. (2020). The effect of a badminton teaching system using kinect on badminton skill performance. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:229088346"},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-020-09935-6","volume":"69","author":"K-C Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin, K.-C., Wei, C.-W., Lai, C.-L., Cheng, I.-L., & Chen, N.-S. (2021). Development of a badminton teaching system with wearable technology for improving students\u2019 badminton doubles skills. Educational Technology Research and Development, 69(2), 945\u2013969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-020-09935-6","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"526_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lipnevich, A. A., & Panadero, E. (2021). A review of feedback models and theories: Descriptions, definitions, and conclusions. Frontiers in Education, 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.720195","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2021.720195"},{"key":"526_CR75","unstructured":"Lorenz, D., & Morrison, S. (2015). Current concepts in periodization of strength and conditioning for the sports physical therapist. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 10(6), 734\u2013747. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4637911\/"},{"key":"526_CR76","unstructured":"MakeMusic, Inc. (n.d.). Makemusic. https:\/\/www.makemusic.com\/. Accessed 27 March 2024."},{"key":"526_CR77","unstructured":"Mason, B., & Bruning, R. (2001). Providing feedback in computer-based instruction: What the research tells us. University of Nebraska-Lincoln."},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-025-10449-2","volume":"73","author":"KA Mat Sanusi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mat Sanusi, K. A., Iren, D., Fanchamps, N., Geisen, M., & Klemke, R. (2025). Virtual virtuoso: A systematic literature review of immersive learning environments for psychomotor skill development. Educational Technology Research and Development, 73(2), 909\u2013949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-025-10449-2","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"526_CR79","volume-title":"Fundamentals of sports training","author":"L Matveyev","year":"1981","unstructured":"Matveyev, L. (1981). Fundamentals of sports training. Moscow: Progress."},{"issue":"5","key":"526_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2016.10.021","volume":"33","author":"RM Middleton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Middleton, R. M., Alvand, A., Garfjeld Roberts, P., Hargrove, C., Kirby, G., & Rees, J. L. (2017). Simulation-based training platforms for arthroscopy: A randomized comparison of virtual reality learning to benchtop learning. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 33(5), 996\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2016.10.021","journal-title":"Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"526_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-013-3393-6","volume":"28","author":"A Moglia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moglia, A., Ferrari, V., Morelli, L., Melfi, F., Ferrari, M., Mosca, F., & Cuschieri, A. (2014). Distribution of innate ability for surgery amongst medical students assessed by an advanced virtual reality surgical simulator. Surgical Endoscopy, 28(6), 1830\u20131837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-013-3393-6","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10337-7","volume":"26","author":"NAM Mokmin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mokmin, N. A. M., & Jamiat, N. (2020). The effectiveness of a virtual fitness trainer app in motivating and engaging students for fitness activity by applying motor learning theory. Education and Information Technologies, 26(2), 1847\u20131864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-020-10337-7","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"526_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moore, A. G., Hu, X., Eubanks, J. C., Aiyaz, A. A., & McMahan, R. P. (2020). A formative evaluation methodology for vr training simulations. In 2020 ieee conference on virtual reality and 3d user interfaces abstracts and workshops (vrw) (pp. 125\u2013132). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00027","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00027"},{"issue":"3","key":"526_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc5030029","volume":"5","author":"AG Moore","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moore, A. G., McMahan, R. P., & Ruozzi, N. (2021). Exploration of feature representations for predicting learning and retention outcomes in a vr training scenario. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 5(3), 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bdcc5030029","journal-title":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing"},{"key":"526_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nagy, Z. A., Simon, B., T\u00f3th, Z., & V\u00e1g, J. (2018). Evaluating the efficiency of the dental teacher system as a digital preclinical teaching tool. European Journal of Dental Education, 22(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eje.12365","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12365"},{"key":"526_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neagu, L.-M., Rigaud, E., Guarnieri, V., Dascalu, M., & Travadel, S. (2022a). Selfit v2 \u2013 challenges encountered in building a psychomotor intelligent tutoring system. In Lecture notes in computer science (pp.\u00a0350\u2013361). Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-09680-8_33"},{"key":"526_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neagu, L.-M., Rigaud, E., Travadel, S., Dascalu, M., & Rughinis, R. V. (2020). Intelligent tutoring systems for psychomotor training - a systematic literature review. In Intelligent tutoring systems (pp.\u00a0335\u2013341). Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49663-0_40"},{"key":"526_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.55612\/s-5002-052-006","volume":"52","author":"L-M Neagu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neagu, L.-M., Rigaud, E., Guarnieri, V., Radu, E. I., Travadel, S., Dascalu, M., & Rughinis, R. (2022b). Ontostrength: An ontology for psychomotor strength development. IxD&A, 52, 101\u2013118.","journal-title":"IxD&A"},{"key":"526_CR89","unstructured":"Nescu, C. T. L. O. M. (2017). Aspects regarding speed and acceleration training in football. Marathon, 9(1), 37\u201342. https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/a\/rom\/marath\/v9y2017i1p37-42.html"},{"key":"526_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, K. C., Weyde, T., Larkin, O., Neubarth, K., Koerselman, T., & Ong, B. (2007). 3d augmented mirror: A multimodal interface for string instrument learning and teaching with gesture support. In Proceedings of the 9th international conference on multimodal interfaces. ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/1322192.1322252"},{"key":"526_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14363-2","volume-title":"Advances in intelligent tutoring systems","author":"R Nkambou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nkambou, R., Mizoguchi, R., & Bourdeau, J. (2010). Advances in intelligent tutoring systems (2010th ed.). Berlin, Germany: Springer.","edition":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"526_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00168958","volume":"4","author":"HS Nwana","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nwana, H. S. (1990). Intelligent tutoring systems: an overview. Artificial Intelligence Review, 4(4), 251\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00168958","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2017.2016","volume":"32","author":"L Nygaard Andersen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nygaard Andersen, L., Mann, S., Juul-Kristensen, B., & S\u00f8gaard, K. (2017). Comparing the impact of specific strength training vs general fitness training on professional symphony orchestra musicians: A feasibility study. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 32(2), 94\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21091\/mppa.2017.2016","journal-title":"Medical Problems of Performing Artists"},{"key":"526_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oermann, M. H., Kardong-Edgren, S., Odom-Maryon, T., Ha, Y., McColgan, J. K., Hurd, D., ... Dowdy, S. W. (2010). HeartCode BLS with voice assisted manikin for teaching nursing students: preliminary results (Vol. 31) (No. 5).","DOI":"10.2202\/1548-923X.1949"},{"key":"526_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oropesa, I., S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez, P., Lamata, P., Chmarra, M. K., Pagador, J. B., S\u00e1nchez-Margallo, J. A., ... G\u00f3mez, E. J. (2011). Methods and tools for objective assessment of psychomotor skills in laparoscopic surgery. Journal of Surgical Research, 171(1), e81\u2013e95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2011.06.034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2011.06.034"},{"key":"526_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ouzzani, M., Hammady, H., Fedorowicz, Z., & Elmagarmid, A. (2016). Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 5(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4"},{"key":"526_CR97","unstructured":"Padayachee, I. (2002). Intelligent tutoring systems: Architecture and characteristics. (pp. 1\u20138). South African Computer Lexturers\u2019 Association."},{"key":"526_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ... Moher, D. (2021). The prisma 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 10(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4"},{"key":"526_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardillo, J. A. S., Bolabola, T. J., Sta.\u00a0Romana, C. L. C., & Cando, J. M. D. (2022). Computer-aided assessment system for calisthenics exercises. In Proceedings of the 6th international conference on digital technology in education. ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/3568739.3568765"},{"issue":"4","key":"526_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.24985\/kjss.2020.31.4.818","volume":"31","author":"Y Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park, Y., & Hwang, J. (2020). The effects of psychological skills training for a canoe athlete. Korean Journal of Sport Science, 31(4), 818\u2013829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24985\/kjss.2020.31.4.818","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Sport Science"},{"key":"526_CR101","unstructured":"Pate, R., Oria, M., Pillsbury, L., Committee on Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth, Food and Nutrition Board, & Institute of Medicine (Eds.). (2012). Fitness measures and health outcomes in youth. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK241323\/. (7, Health-Related Fitness Measures for Youth: Flexibility)."},{"issue":"1","key":"526_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-008-0066-y","volume":"23","author":"MGC Pellen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pellen, M. G. C., Horgan, L. F., Barton, J. R., & Attwood, S. E. (2008). Construct validity of the promis laparoscopic simulator. Surgical Endoscopy, 23(1), 130\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-008-0066-y","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/mrr.0b013e3282fbfbde","volume":"31","author":"MR Pizzamiglio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pizzamiglio, M. R., Nasti, M., Piccardi, L., Vitturini, C., Morelli, D., & Guariglia, C. (2008). Visual-motor coordination computerized training improves the visuo-spatial performance in a child affected by cri-du-chat syndrome. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 31(2), 151\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mrr.0b013e3282fbfbde","journal-title":"International Journal of Rehabilitation Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.03.118","volume":"2","author":"V Popescu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Popescu, V. (2010). The importance of moral training in sports performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 869\u2013874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.03.118","journal-title":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"526_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-024-09393-2","volume":"34","author":"M Portaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Portaz, M., Corbi, A., Casas-Ortiz, A., & Santos, O. C. (2024). Exploring raw data transformations on inertial sensor data to model user expertise when learning psychomotor skills. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 34(4), 1283\u20131325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11257-024-09393-2","journal-title":"User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction"},{"issue":"1","key":"526_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2006.03.016","volume":"193","author":"MC Porte","year":"2007","unstructured":"Porte, M. C., Xeroulis, G., Reznick, R. K., & Dubrowski, A. (2007). Verbal feedback from an expert is more effective than self-accessed feedback about motion efficiency in learning new surgical skills. The American Journal of Surgery, 193(1), 105\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2006.03.016","journal-title":"The American Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"526_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2016.04.009","volume":"73","author":"MR Prasad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prasad, M. R., Manivannan, M., Manoharan, G., & Chandramohan, S. (2016). Objective assessment of laparoscopic force and psychomotor skills in a novel virtual reality-based haptic simulator. Journal of Surgical Education, 73(5), 858\u2013869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsurg.2016.04.009","journal-title":"Journal of Surgical Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"526_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2006.03.005","volume":"16","author":"JS Prichard","year":"2006","unstructured":"Prichard, J. S., Stratford, R. J., & Bizo, L. A. (2006). Team-skills training enhances collaborative learning. Learning and Instruction, 16(3), 256\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2006.03.005","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/mcg.2009.83","volume":"30","author":"J Qin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Qin, J., Chui, Y.-P., Pang, W.-M., Choi, K.-S., & Heng, P.-A. (2010). Learning blood management in orthopedic surgery through gameplay. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 30(2), 45\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mcg.2009.83","journal-title":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications"},{"key":"526_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rad\u00e1k, Z. (2018). Chapter 4 - fundamentals of strength training. In Z.\u00a0Rad\u00e1k (Ed.), The physiology of physical training (pp. 55\u201380). Academic Press. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128151372000048","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815137-2.00004-8"},{"key":"526_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rao, G. K. L., Mokhtar, N. B., & Iskandar, Y. H. P. (2017). An integration of augmented reality technology for orthodontic education: Case of bracket positioning. In 2017 ieee conference on e-learning, e-management and e-services (ic3e) (pp. 7\u201311). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IC3e.2017.8409230","DOI":"10.1109\/IC3e.2017.8409230"},{"key":"526_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rhienmora, P., Gajananan, K., Haddawy, P., Dailey, M. N., & Suebnukarn, S. (2010). Augmented reality haptics system for dental surgical skills training. In Proceedings of the 17th acm symposium on virtual reality software and technology (pp.\u00a097\u201398). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1889863.1889883","DOI":"10.1145\/1889863.1889883"},{"issue":"17","key":"526_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173661","volume":"19","author":"G Romano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Romano, G., Schneider, J., & Drachsler, H. (2019). Dancing salsa with machines\u2014filling the gap of dancing learning solutions. Sensors, 19(17), 3661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19173661","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"4","key":"526_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2023.02.002","volume":"9","author":"KM Rose","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rose, K. M., Burke, L. R., & Spiess, P. E. (2023). An exercise prescription to improve posture, minimize injury, and improve career longevity in surgeons. European Urology Focus, 9(4), 592\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euf.2023.02.002","journal-title":"European Urology Focus"},{"issue":"5","key":"526_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1023\/b:read.0000044596.91833.55","volume":"17","author":"S Rosenblum","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rosenblum, S., Weiss, P. L., & Parush, S. (2004). Handwriting evaluation for developmental dysgraphia: Process versus product. Reading and Writing, 17(5), 433\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/b:read.0000044596.91833.55","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"issue":"8","key":"526_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-005-0635-2","volume":"20","author":"R Rosenthal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rosenthal, R., Gantert, W. A., Scheidegger, D., & Oertli, D. (2006). Can skills assessment on a virtual reality trainer predict a surgical trainee\u2019s talent in laparoscopic surgery? Surgical Endoscopy, 20(8), 1286\u20131290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-005-0635-2","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"key":"526_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rudman, D. T., Stredney, D., Sessanna, D., Yagel, R., Crawfis, R., Heskamp, D., ... Wiet, G. J. (1998). Functional endoscopic sinus surgery training simulator. The Laryngoscope, 108(11), 1643\u20131647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005537-199811000-00010","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199811000-00010"},{"key":"526_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Santos, O. C. (2016a). Beyond cognitive and affective issues: Designing smart learning environments for psychomotor personalized learning. In M. J.\u00a0Spector, B. B.\u00a0Lockee, & M. D.\u00a0Childress (Eds.), Learning, design, and technology: An international compendium of theory, research, practice, and policy (pp. 1\u201324). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-17727-4_8-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17727-4_8-1"},{"key":"526_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Santos, A. D. P. d., Tang, L. M., Loke, L., & Martinez-Maldonado, R. (2018). You are off the beat! is accelerometer data enough for measuring dance rhythm? In Proceedings of the 5th international conference on movement and computing. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3212721.3212724","DOI":"10.1145\/3212721.3212724"},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0103-2","volume":"26","author":"OC Santos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Santos, O. C. (2016b). Training the body: The potential of aied to support personalized motor skills learning. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 26(2), 730\u2013755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-016-0103-2","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"04","key":"526_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940006","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218213019400062","volume":"28","author":"OC Santos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santos, O. C. (2019). Artificial intelligence in psychomotor learning: Modeling human motion from inertial sensor data. International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, 28(04), 1940006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/s0218213019400062","journal-title":"International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools"},{"issue":"5","key":"526_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-002-9151-9","volume":"17","author":"M Schijven","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schijven, M., & Jakimowicz, J. (2003). Construct validity: Experts and novices performing on the xitact ls500 laparoscopy simulator. Surgical Endoscopy, 17(5), 803\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-002-9151-9","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"key":"526_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schneider, J., B\u00f6rner, D., van Rosmalen, P., & Specht, M. (2015). Presentation trainer, your public speaking multimodal coach. In Proceedings of the 2015 acm on international conference on multimodal interaction (pp.\u00a0539\u2013546). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2818346.2830603","DOI":"10.1145\/2818346.2830603"},{"issue":"16","key":"526_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163457","volume":"19","author":"J Schneider","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schneider, J., Romano, G., & Drachsler, H. (2019). Beyond reality\u2014extending a presentation trainer with an immersive vr module. Sensors, 19(16), 3457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19163457","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"526_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Selye, H. (1976). Stress without distress. In G.\u00a0Serban (Ed.), Psychopathology of human adaptation (pp. 137\u2013146). Boston, MA: Springer US. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-2238-2_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2238-2_9"},{"key":"526_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Semeraro, F., Frisoli, A., Loconsole, C., Bann\u00f2, F., Tammaro, G., Imbriaco, G., ... Cerchiari, E. L. (2012). A new kinect-based system for the analysis of performances in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (cpr) training. Resuscitation, 83, e20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2012.08.052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2012.08.052"},{"issue":"7","key":"526_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-4096.2001.02424.x","volume":"88","author":"J Shah","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shah, J., & Darzi, A. (2001). Surgical skills assessment: An ongoing debate. BJU International, 88(7), 655\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1464-4096.2001.02424.x","journal-title":"BJU International"},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-017-9308-1","volume":"22","author":"A Shahriari-Rad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shahriari-Rad, A., Cox, M., & Woolford, M. (2017). Clinical skills acquisition: Rethinking assessment using a virtual haptic simulator. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 22(2), 185\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10758-017-9308-1","journal-title":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning"},{"key":"526_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sheppard, J. M., & Young, W. B. (2006). Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(9), 919\u2013932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640410500457109 (PMID: 16882626).","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410500457109"},{"issue":"1","key":"526_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0333-8","volume":"20","author":"R Sigrist","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sigrist, R., Rauter, G., Riener, R., & Wolf, P. (2012). Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(1), 21\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-012-0333-8","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"526_CR131","volume-title":"The classification of educational objectives in the psychomotor domain","author":"EJ Simpson","year":"1972","unstructured":"Simpson, E. J. (1972). The classification of educational objectives in the psychomotor domain. Washington DC: Gryphon House."},{"issue":"5","key":"526_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-012-2648-y","volume":"27","author":"RB Singapogu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singapogu, R. B., DuBose, S., Long, L. O., Smith, D. E., Burg, T. C., Pagano, C. C., & Burg, K. J. L. (2012). Salient haptic skills trainer: Initial validation of a novel simulator for training force-based laparoscopic surgical skills. Surgical Endoscopy, 27(5), 1653\u20131661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-012-2648-y","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"key":"526_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spiers, A. J., Baillie, S., Pipe, T. G., & Asimakopolous, G. (2017). Negating the fulcrum effect in manual laparoscopic surgery: Investigating skill acquisition with a haptic simulator. The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, 13(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rcs.1837","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.1837"},{"key":"526_CR134","unstructured":"Srikanth, K. (2012). Key benefits of flexibility training in sports. Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal II, 226\u2013231. https:\/\/oiirj.org\/oiirj\/blog\/2014\/07\/02\/vol-ii-issue-vi-nov-dec-2012\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"526_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2298\/csis0601001s","volume":"3","author":"O Stellan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stellan, O., & Mitrovic, A. (2006). Constraint-based knowledge representation for individualized instruction. Computer Science and Information Systems, 3(1), 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2298\/csis0601001s","journal-title":"Computer Science and Information Systems"},{"issue":"24","key":"526_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13218","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413218","volume":"18","author":"M Stoilov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stoilov, M., Trebess, L., Klemmer, M., Stark, H., Enkling, N., & Kraus, D. (2021). Comparison of digital self-assessment systems and faculty feedback for tooth preparation in a preclinical simulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182413218","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"526_CR137","volume-title":"Weight training: A scientific approach","author":"MH Stone","year":"1987","unstructured":"Stone, M. H., & O\u2019Bryant, H. S. (1987). Weight training: A scientific approach. Minneapolis, MN: Burgess Publishing Company."},{"key":"526_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stylopoulos, N., Cotin, S., Maithel, S., Ottensmeyer, M., Jackson, P., Bardsley, R., ... Dawson, S. (2004). Computer-enhanced laparoscopic training system (celts): Bridging the gap. Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques, 18(5), 782\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-003-8932-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-003-8932-0"},{"issue":"10","key":"526_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0486-0","volume":"46","author":"TJ Suchomel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suchomel, T. J., Nimphius, S., & Stone, M. H. (2016). The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Medicine, 46(10), 1419\u20131449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-016-0486-0","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"526_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2010.74.12.tb05011.x","volume":"74","author":"S Suebnukarn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suebnukarn, S., Haddawy, P., Rhienmora, P., Jittimanee, P., & Viratket, P. (2010). Augmented kinematic feedback from haptic virtual reality for dental skill acquisition. Journal of Dental Education, 74(12), 1357\u20131366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2010.74.12.tb05011.x","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"issue":"9","key":"526_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2009.04.008","volume":"37","author":"S Suebnukarn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Suebnukarn, S., Phatthanasathiankul, N., Sombatweroje, S., Rhienmora, P., & Haddawy, P. (2009). Process and outcome measures of expert\/novice performance on a haptic virtual reality system. Journal of Dentistry, 37(9), 658\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2009.04.008","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry"},{"key":"526_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tanaka, A., Smith, R., & Hughes, C. (2016). Video game experience and basic robotic skills. In 2016 ieee international conference on serious games and applications for health (segah). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/segah.2016.7586262","DOI":"10.1109\/segah.2016.7586262"},{"key":"526_CR143","unstructured":"Thomas, K. (2004). Learning taxonomies in the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domain. https:\/\/www.rockymountainalchemy.com\/whitePapers\/rma-wp-learning-taxonomies.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"526_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-010-1325-2","volume":"25","author":"JR Thompson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thompson, J. R., Leonard, A. C., Doarn, C. R., Roesch, M. J., & Broderick, T. J. (2010). Limited value of haptics in virtual reality laparoscopic cholecystectomy training. Surgical Endoscopy, 25(4), 1107\u20131114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-010-1325-2","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"issue":"8","key":"526_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2016.80.8.tb06181.x","volume":"80","author":"J Tiu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tiu, J., Cheng, E., Hung, T.-C., Yu, C.-C., Lin, T., Schwass, D., & Al-Amleh, B. (2016). Effectiveness of crown preparation assessment software as an educational tool in simulation clinic: A pilot study. Journal of Dental Education, 80(8), 1004\u20131011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2016.80.8.tb06181.x","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"526_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.11.6.426","volume":"11","author":"ML Tuggy","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tuggy, M. L. (1998). Virtual reality flexible sigmoidoscopy simulator training: Impact on resident performance. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 11(6), 426\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3122\/jabfm.11.6.426","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine"},{"key":"526_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2020.07.005","volume":"64","author":"T Vajsbaher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vajsbaher, T., Ziemer, T., & Schultheis, H. (2020). A multi-modal approach to cognitive training and assistance in minimally invasive surgery. Cognitive Systems Research, 64, 57\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cogsys.2020.07.005","journal-title":"Cognitive Systems Research"},{"key":"526_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Dongen, K. W., Ahlberg, G., Bonavina, L., Carter, F. J., Grantcharov, T. P., Hyltander, A., ... Broeders, I. A. M. J. (2010). European consensus on a competency-based virtual reality training program for basic endoscopic surgical psychomotor skills. Surgical Endoscopy, 25(1), 166\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-010-1151-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-010-1151-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-021-00261-3","volume":"32","author":"N Vannaprathip","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vannaprathip, N., Haddawy, P., Schultheis, H., & Suebnukarn, S. (2021). Intelligent tutoring for surgical decision making: A planning-based approach. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(2), 350\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-021-00261-3","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"526_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, W., Wang, W., & Shadiev, R. (2022). Improving static balance ability with trainings supported by somatosensory-based feedback system. Smart Learning Environments, 9(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-022-00216-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-022-00216-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"526_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.09.022","volume":"36","author":"J-C Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, J.-C., Tsai, S.-H., Chen, Y.-H., Chen, Y.-L., Chu, S.-J., & Liao, W. I. (2018). Kinect-based real-time audiovisual feedback device improves cpr quality of lower-body-weight rescuers. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 36(4), 577\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.09.022","journal-title":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1519\/ssc.0000000000000560","volume":"43","author":"J Weakley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weakley, J., Mann, B., Banyard, H., McLaren, S., Scott, T., & Garcia-Ramos, A. (2020). Velocity-based training: From theory to application. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 43(2), 31\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/ssc.0000000000000560","journal-title":"Strength & Conditioning Journal"},{"key":"526_CR153","unstructured":"Welk, A., Maggio, M. P., Simon, J. F., Scarbecz, M., Harrison, J. A., Wicks, R. A., & Gilpatrick, R. O. (2008). Computer-assisted learning and simulation lab with 40 DentSim units. International Journal of Computerized Dentistry, 11(1), 17\u201340. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18780559\/"},{"key":"526_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welk, A., Splieth, C., Rosin, M., Kordass, B., & Meyer, G. (2004). DentSim - a future teaching option for dentists. International Journal of Computerized Dentistry, 7(2), 123\u2013130. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15516090\/","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0579.2005.00370.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"526_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0734-y","volume":"47","author":"TD Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williams, T. D., Tolusso, D. V., Fedewa, M. V., & Esco, M. R. (2017). Comparison of periodized and non-periodized resistance training on maximal strength: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(10), 2083\u20132100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-017-0734-y","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"526_CR156","unstructured":"Wilson, M. S., Middlebrook, A., Sutton, C., Stone, R., & McCloy, R. F. (1997). MIST VR: A virtual reality trainer for laparoscopic surgery assesses performance. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 79(6), 403\u2013404. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9422863\/"},{"key":"526_CR157","volume-title":"Strength training for athletes","author":"MA Winch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Winch, M. A. (2004). Strength training for athletes. Ramsbury, England: The Crowood Press Ltd."},{"key":"526_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2017.10.001","volume":"153","author":"MS Yin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yin, M. S., Haddawy, P., Suebnukarn, S., & Rhienmora, P. (2018). Automated outcome scoring in a virtual reality simulator for endodontic surgery. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 153, 53\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2017.10.001","journal-title":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"},{"key":"526_CR159","unstructured":"Yousician Ltd. (n.d.). Yousician. https:\/\/yousician.com\/. Accessed 27 March 2024."},{"issue":"2","key":"526_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11246-7","volume":"28","author":"J Zakraoui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zakraoui, J., Saleh, M., Al-Maadeed, S., & AlJa\u2019am, J. M. (2022). A study of children emotion and their performance while handwriting arabic characters using a haptic device. Education and Information Technologies, 28(2), 1783\u20131808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11246-7","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"526_CR161","unstructured":"Zetou, E., Vernadakis, N., Tsetseli, M., Kampas, A., & Michalopoulou, M. (2012). The effect of coordination training program on learning tennis skills. The Sport Journal, 15(1), 1\u20137. https:\/\/thesportjournal.org\/article\/the-effect-of-coordination-training-program-on-learning-tennis-skills\/"},{"key":"526_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Wang, L., Xu, Y., Chen, K., Wang, F., Zhao, M., & Dou, Y. (2022). 3D body sensor-based martial arts demonstration and teaching system. In Proceedings of the 2022 11th international conference on networks, communication and computing. ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3579895.3579918","DOI":"10.1145\/3579895.3579918"},{"key":"526_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Chen, C.-T., & Muggleton, N. G. (2020). Chapter 11 - the effects of visual training on sports skill in volleyball players. In B. L.\u00a0Parkin (Ed.), Real-world applications in cognitive neuroscience (Vol.\u00a0253, pp. 201\u2013227). Elsevier. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0079612320300406","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.04.002"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T18:12:42Z","timestamp":1772647962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"references-count":163,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1560-4292","type":"print"},{"value":"1560-4306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}