{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T07:10:32Z","timestamp":1779088232768,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":142,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DIPF | Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Bildungsforschung und Bildungsinformation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T22:35:23Z","timestamp":1763505323000},"page":"2756-2796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Through the Telescope: A Systematic Review of Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Their Applications in Psychomotor Skill Learning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Romano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Di Mitri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Drachsler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2014.2340878","article-title":"A novel approach to diagnosing motor skills","volume":"7","author":"Aguirre","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104770","article-title":"Utilizing a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network to assess a virtual reality surgical procedure","volume":"136","author":"Alkadri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers in Biology and Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2003.00309.x","article-title":"The effect of dance training on joint mobility, muscle flexibility, speed and agility in young cross-country skiers \u2013 a prospective controlled intervention study","volume":"13","author":"Alricsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0402_2","article-title":"Cognitive tutors: Lessons learned","volume":"4","author":"Anderson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000219641.79092.e5","article-title":"Laparoscopic Skills Are Improved With LapMentor\u2122 Training: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blinded Study","volume":"243","author":"Andreatta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12023","article-title":"Testing manual dexterity using a virtual reality simulator: Reliability and validity","volume":"17","author":"Ben-Gal","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Dental Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib7","series-title":"Taxonomy of educational objectives, handbook i: The cognitive domain","author":"Bloom","year":"1956"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib8","series-title":"Theory and methodology of training: the key to athletic performance","author":"Bompa","year":"1994"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-007-9589-x","article-title":"The importance of haptic feedback in laparoscopic suturing training and the additive value of virtual reality simulation","volume":"22","author":"Botden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"issue":"141","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.31392\/NPU-nc.series15.2021.10(141).04","article-title":"Ways of improving the method of control of coordination preparation of young athletes in playing sports","volume":"10","author":"Boychuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports)"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib11","series-title":"Anatomy for strength and fitness training for speed.","author":"Brandon","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1109\/TMRB.2020.2990692","article-title":"An evaluation of inanimate and virtual reality training for psychomotor skill development in robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery","volume":"2","author":"Caccianiga","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2004.10.002","article-title":"Tactile vr for hand-eye coordination in simulated ptca","volume":"36","author":"Cai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Computers in Biology and Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2018.1437048","article-title":"A case study of gesture-based games in enhancing the fine motor skills and recognition of children with autism","volume":"26","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13445","article-title":"Beyond hard workout: A multimodal framework for personalised running training with immersive technologies","author":"Cardenas Hernandez","year":"2024","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0435","article-title":"Training periodization, methods, intensity distribution, and volume in highly trained and elite distance runners: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Casado","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib17","series-title":"Handbook of artificial intelligence in education","first-page":"390","article-title":"Chapter 18: Intelligent systems for psychomotor learning: A systematic review and two cases of study","author":"Casas-Ortiz","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1109\/HFPP.1992.283383","article-title":"The roles of team skills training and team building in improving performance","author":"Caskie Lewis-Clapper","year":"1992","journal-title":"Conference record for 1992 fifth conference on human factors and power plants"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.03.024","article-title":"The effect of computer-assisted therapeutic practice for children with handwriting deficit: A comparison with the effect of the traditional sensorimotor approach","volume":"35","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Computer-assisted self-training system for sports exercise using kinects","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"2013 ieee international conference on multimedia and expo workshops (icmew)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.33262\/cienciadigital.v5i1.1462","article-title":"La relaci\u00f3n fuerza-velocidad para la optimizaci\u00f3n del entrenamiento y prevenci\u00f3n de lesiones","volume":"5","author":"Christian Rodolfo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ciencia Digital"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12973","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182412973","article-title":"The effect of periodization on training program adherence","volume":"18","author":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3164-7","article-title":"Can youth with autism spectrum disorder use virtual reality driving simulation training to evaluate and improve driving performance? an exploratory study","volume":"47","author":"Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib24","series-title":"Developing and writing educational objectives","first-page":"33","article-title":"Psychomotor levels","author":"Dave","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib25","series-title":"Physical education and the study of sport","first-page":"284","article-title":"The nature and classification of skill","author":"Davis","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.13128\/IJAE-25475","article-title":"Effects of static and dynamic stretching on upper limb explosive, isometric and endurance strength, in male volleyball players","volume":"124","author":"di Cagno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-021-00281-z","article-title":"Keep me in the loop: Real-time feedback with multimodal data","volume":"32","author":"Di Mitri","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143099","article-title":"Detecting mistakes in cpr training with multimodal data and neural networks","volume":"19","author":"Di Mitri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib29","series-title":"Handbook of open, distance and digital education","first-page":"1037","article-title":"The rise of multimodal tutors in education","author":"Di Mitri","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib30","series-title":"Proceedings of the 25th conference on user modeling, adaptation and personalization","first-page":"335","article-title":"Smart technology for supporting dance education","author":"Dias Pereira dos Santos","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib31","unstructured":"Dias Pereira dos Santos, A. (2019). Using motion sensor and machine learning to support the assessment of rhythmic skills in social partner dance: Bridging teacher, student and machine contexts (Doctoral dissertation). https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2123\/21302"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib32","series-title":"Proceedings of the 28th acm symposium on virtual reality software and technology.","article-title":"Walk this beam: Impact of different balance assistance strategies and height exposure on performance and physiological arousal in vr","author":"Dietz","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200207000-00002","article-title":"Impact of the endoscopic sinus surgical simulator on operating room performance","volume":"112","author":"Edmond","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-003-9264-9","article-title":"Learning curves and impact of psychomotor training on performance in simulated colonoscopy: A randomized trial using a virtual reality endoscopy trainer","volume":"18","author":"Eversbusch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib35","series-title":"Conference iceer (exploring innovation in education and research)","first-page":"1","article-title":"A psychomotor skills extension to bloom\u2019s taxonomy of education objectives for engineering education","author":"Ferris","year":"2005"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130110084773","article-title":"Enhancing the control of force in putting by video game training","volume":"44","author":"Fery","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1145\/350752.350756","article-title":"Links: What is an intelligent tutoring system?","volume":"11","author":"Freedman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2011.75.4.tb05073.x","article-title":"Preliminary assessment of faculty and student perception of a haptic virtual reality simulator for training dental manual dexterity","volume":"75","author":"Gal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib39","series-title":"Advanced PE for edexcel","author":"Galligan","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib40","series-title":"Skill acquisition: Action, movement, and neuromotor processes.","first-page":"111","author":"Gentile","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-017-0155-y","article-title":"Modeling expert behavior in support of an adaptive psychomotor training environment: A marksmanship use case","volume":"28","author":"Goldberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103266","article-title":"Serious games for rehabilitation: Gestural interaction in personalized gamified exercises through a recommender system","volume":"97","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv127","article-title":"Yoga is as good as stretching-strengthening exercises in improving functional fitness outcomes: Results from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"71","author":"Gothe","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2017.81.1.tb06252.x","article-title":"Predicting performance in technical preclinical dental courses using advanced simulation","volume":"81","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib45","first-page":"39","article-title":"Intelligent tutoring systems with conversational dialogue","volume":"22","author":"Graesser","year":"2001","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2016.80.1.tb06062.x","article-title":"Impact of digital tooth preparation evaluation technology on preclinical dental students\u2019 technical and self-evaluation skills","volume":"80","author":"Gratton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib47","first-page":"42","article-title":"Translating learning into numbers: A generic framework for learning analytics","volume":"15","author":"Greller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib48","series-title":"Syssomo: A pedagogical tool for analyzing movement variants between different pianists","first-page":"75","author":"Hadjakos","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib49","series-title":"A taxonomy of the psychomotor domain: A guide for developing behavioral objectives","author":"Harrow","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib50","series-title":"Strength training for sport","author":"Hazeldine","year":"1990"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2014.2309135","article-title":"Effect of haptic assistance on learning vehicle reverse parking skills","volume":"7","author":"Hirokawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib52","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 acm international joint conference on pervasive and ubiquitous computing.","article-title":"Mach: My automated conversation coach","author":"Hoque","year":"2013"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6216-x","article-title":"Virtual reality training for assembly of hybrid medical devices","volume":"77","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10679","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-014-2198-5","article-title":"A golf swing analysis system using wii balance board and kinect sensors for novice players","volume":"74","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1760","DOI":"10.25248\/reas.e1760.2020","article-title":"The multidisciplinary team in sports: A narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Inchauspe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista Eletr\u00f4nica Acervo Sa\u00fade"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2020.1733456","article-title":"Block and random practice: A wii fit dynamic balance training in older adults","volume":"92","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2000.64.12.tb03385.x","article-title":"An initial evaluation of the iowa dental surgical simulator","volume":"64","author":"Johnson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00388-8","article-title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of mixed reality music instrument learning with the theremin","volume":"24","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-020-01141-x","article-title":"A novel and intelligent vision-based tutor for yog\u0101sana: e-yogaguru","volume":"32","author":"Kale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Machine Vision and Applications"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2007-253417","article-title":"Computer-based multisensory learning in children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"25","author":"Kast","year":"2007","journal-title":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.07.192","article-title":"Enhancing tactical skills in soccer: Advances from the naturalistic decision making approach","volume":"3","author":"Kermarrec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Manufacturing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0823-y","article-title":"Periodization theory: Confronting an inconvenient truth","volume":"48","author":"Kiely","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib63","series-title":"Universal access in human-computer interaction. access to learning, health and well-being","first-page":"472","article-title":"A game-like application for dance learning using a natural human computer interface","author":"Kitsikidis","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2009.5152751","article-title":"Periosim: Haptic virtual reality simulator for sensorimotor skill acquisition in dentistry","author":"Kolesnikov","year":"2009","journal-title":"2009 ieee international conference on robotics and automation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2011.132","article-title":"Real-time evaluation and visualization of learner performance in a mixed-reality environment for clinical breast examination","volume":"18","author":"Kotranza","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2015.79.9.tb06003.x","article-title":"Effect of computer-assisted learning on students\u2019 dental anatomy waxing performance","volume":"79","author":"Kwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2735951","article-title":"An approach to ballet dance training through ms kinect and visualization in a cave virtual reality environment","volume":"6","author":"Kyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10752-4","article-title":"Psychomotor learning theory informing the design and evaluation of an interactive augmented reality hand hygiene training app for healthcare workers","volume":"27","author":"Lacey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/oti.1437","article-title":"Effect of virtual reality-based bilateral upper extremity training on upper extremity function after stroke: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occupational Therapy International"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3244","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143244","article-title":"Can you ink while you blink? assessing mental effort in a sensor-based calligraphy trainer","volume":"19","author":"Limbu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-023-00247-9","article-title":"The effect of wearable technology on badminton learning performance: A multiple feedback wiser model in physical education","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib72","unstructured":"Lin, K.-C., Lee, D. S., an Chien, S., hui Vanessa Chiang, Y., & Chen, N.-S. (2020). The effect of a badminton teaching system using kinect on badminton skill performance. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:229088346"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-020-09935-6","article-title":"Development of a badminton teaching system with wearable technology for improving students\u2019 badminton doubles skills","volume":"69","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2021.720195","article-title":"A review of feedback models and theories: Descriptions, definitions, and conclusions","volume":"6","author":"Lipnevich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib75","first-page":"734","article-title":"Current concepts in periodization of strength and conditioning for the sports physical therapist","volume":"10","author":"Lorenz","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib76","unstructured":"MakeMusic, Inc. (n.d.). Makemusic. https:\/\/www.makemusic.com\/. Accessed 27 March 2024."},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib77","series-title":"Providing feedback in computer-based instruction: What the research tells us.","author":"Mason","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-025-10449-2","article-title":"Virtual virtuoso: A systematic literature review of immersive learning environments for psychomotor skill development","volume":"73","author":"Mat Sanusi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib79","series-title":"Fundamentals of sports training","author":"Matveyev","year":"1981"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2016.10.021","article-title":"Simulation-based training platforms for arthroscopy: A randomized comparison of virtual reality learning to benchtop learning","volume":"33","author":"Middleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-013-3393-6","article-title":"Distribution of innate ability for surgery amongst medical students assessed by an advanced virtual reality surgical simulator","volume":"28","author":"Moglia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10337-7","article-title":"The effectiveness of a virtual fitness trainer app in motivating and engaging students for fitness activity by applying motor learning theory","volume":"26","author":"Mokmin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00027","article-title":"A formative evaluation methodology for vr training simulations","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"2020 ieee conference on virtual reality and 3d user interfaces abstracts and workshops (vrw)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc5030029","article-title":"Exploration of feature representations for predicting learning and retention outcomes in a vr training scenario","volume":"5","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12365","article-title":"Evaluating the efficiency of the dental teacher system as a digital preclinical teaching tool","volume":"22","author":"Nagy","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Dental Education"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib86","series-title":"Lecture notes in computer science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-09680-8_33","article-title":"Selfit v2 \u2013 challenges encountered in building a psychomotor intelligent tutoring system","author":"Neagu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib87","series-title":"Intelligent tutoring systems","first-page":"335","article-title":"Intelligent tutoring systems for psychomotor training - a systematic literature review","author":"Neagu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.55612\/s-5002-052-006","article-title":"Ontostrength: An ontology for psychomotor strength development","volume":"52","author":"Neagu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IxD&A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib89","first-page":"37","article-title":"Aspects regarding speed and acceleration training in football","volume":"9","author":"Nescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Marathon"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib90","series-title":"Proceedings of the 9th international conference on multimodal interfaces.","article-title":"3d augmented mirror: A multimodal interface for string instrument learning and teaching with gesture support","author":"Ng","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib91","series-title":"Advances in intelligent tutoring systems","author":"Nkambou","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00168958","article-title":"Intelligent tutoring systems: an overview","volume":"4","author":"Nwana","year":"1990","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2017.2016","article-title":"Comparing the impact of specific strength training vs general fitness training on professional symphony orchestra musicians: A feasibility study","volume":"32","author":"Nygaard Andersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medical Problems of Performing Artists"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oermann, M. H., Kardong-Edgren, S., Odom-Maryon, T., Ha, Y., McColgan, J. K., Hurd, D., \u2026 Dowdy, S. W. (2010). HeartCode BLS with voice assisted manikin for teaching nursing students: preliminary results (Vol. 31) (No. 5).","DOI":"10.2202\/1548-923X.1949"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2011.06.034","article-title":"Methods and tools for objective assessment of psychomotor skills in laparoscopic surgery","volume":"171","author":"Oropesa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Surgical Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib97","series-title":"Intelligent tutoring systems: Architecture and characteristics","first-page":"1","author":"Padayachee","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The prisma 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib99","series-title":"Proceedings of the 6th international conference on digital technology in education.","article-title":"Computer-aided assessment system for calisthenics exercises","author":"Pardillo","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.24985\/kjss.2020.31.4.818","article-title":"The effects of psychological skills training for a canoe athlete","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Sport Science"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib101","series-title":"Fitness measures and health outcomes in youth.","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-008-0066-y","article-title":"Construct validity of the promis laparoscopic simulator","volume":"23","author":"Pellen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0b013e3282fbfbde","article-title":"Visual-motor coordination computerized training improves the visuo-spatial performance in a child affected by cri-du-chat syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Pizzamiglio","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Rehabilitation Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.03.118","article-title":"The importance of moral training in sports performance","volume":"2","author":"Popescu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-024-09393-2","article-title":"Exploring raw data transformations on inertial sensor data to model user expertise when learning psychomotor skills","volume":"34","author":"Portaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2006.03.016","article-title":"Verbal feedback from an expert is more effective than self-accessed feedback about motion efficiency in learning new surgical skills","volume":"193","author":"Porte","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2016.04.009","article-title":"Objective assessment of laparoscopic force and psychomotor skills in a novel virtual reality-based haptic simulator","volume":"73","author":"Prasad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Surgical Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2006.03.005","article-title":"Team-skills training enhances collaborative learning","volume":"16","author":"Prichard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2009.83","article-title":"Learning blood management in orthopedic surgery through gameplay","volume":"30","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib110","series-title":"The physiology of physical training","first-page":"55","article-title":"Chapter 4 - fundamentals of strength training","author":"Rad\u00e1k","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1109\/IC3e.2017.8409230","article-title":"An integration of augmented reality technology for orthodontic education: Case of bracket positioning","author":"Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"2017 ieee conference on e-learning, e-management and e-services (ic3e)"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib112","series-title":"Proceedings of the 17th acm symposium on virtual reality software and technology","first-page":"97","article-title":"Augmented reality haptics system for dental surgical skills training","author":"Rhienmora","year":"2010"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173661","article-title":"Dancing salsa with machines\u2014filling the gap of dancing learning solutions","volume":"19","author":"Romano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2023.02.002","article-title":"An exercise prescription to improve posture, minimize injury, and improve career longevity in surgeons","volume":"9","author":"Rose","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Urology Focus"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1023\/B:READ.0000044596.91833.55","article-title":"Handwriting evaluation for developmental dysgraphia: Process versus product","volume":"17","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-005-0635-2","article-title":"Can skills assessment on a virtual reality trainer predict a surgical trainee\u2019s talent in laparoscopic surgery?","volume":"20","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199811000-00010","article-title":"Functional endoscopic sinus surgery training simulator","volume":"108","author":"Rudman","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib118","series-title":"Learning, design, and technology: An international compendium of theory, research, practice, and policy","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beyond cognitive and affective issues: Designing smart learning environments for psychomotor personalized learning","author":"Santos","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib119","series-title":"Proceedings of the 5th international conference on movement and computing.","article-title":"You are off the beat! is accelerometer data enough for measuring dance rhythm?","author":"Santos","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0103-2","article-title":"Training the body: The potential of aied to support personalized motor skills learning","volume":"26","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"04","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940006","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218213019400062","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in psychomotor learning: Modeling human motion from inertial sensor data","volume":"28","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-002-9151-9","article-title":"Construct validity: Experts and novices performing on the xitact ls500 laparoscopy simulator","volume":"17","author":"Schijven","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib123","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 acm on international conference on multimodal interaction","first-page":"539","article-title":"Presentation trainer, your public speaking multimodal coach","author":"Schneider","year":"2015"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163457","article-title":"Beyond reality\u2014extending a presentation trainer with an immersive vr module","volume":"19","author":"Schneider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib125","series-title":"Psychopathology of human adaptation","first-page":"137","article-title":"Stress without distress","author":"Selye","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2012.08.052","article-title":"A new kinect-based system for the analysis of performances in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (cpr) training","volume":"83","author":"Semeraro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-4096.2001.02424.x","article-title":"Surgical skills assessment: An ongoing debate","volume":"88","author":"Shah","year":"2001","journal-title":"BJU International"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-017-9308-1","article-title":"Clinical skills acquisition: Rethinking assessment using a virtual haptic simulator","volume":"22","author":"Shahriari-Rad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technology, Knowledge and Learning"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410500457109","article-title":"Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing","volume":"24","author":"Sheppard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0333-8","article-title":"Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: A review","volume":"20","author":"Sigrist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib131","series-title":"The classification of educational objectives in the psychomotor domain","author":"Simpson","year":"1972"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-012-2648-y","article-title":"Salient haptic skills trainer: Initial validation of a novel simulator for training force-based laparoscopic surgical skills","volume":"27","author":"Singapogu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib133","article-title":"Negating the fulcrum effect in manual laparoscopic surgery: Investigating skill acquisition with a haptic simulator","volume":"13","author":"Spiers","year":"2017","journal-title":"The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib134","first-page":"226","article-title":"Key benefits of flexibility training in sports","author":"Srikanth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal II"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2298\/CSIS0601001S","article-title":"Constraint-based knowledge representation for individualized instruction","volume":"3","author":"Stellan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Computer Science and Information Systems"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13218","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413218","article-title":"Comparison of digital self-assessment systems and faculty feedback for tooth preparation in a preclinical simulation","volume":"18","author":"Stoilov","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib137","series-title":"Weight training: A scientific approach","author":"Stone","year":"1987"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-003-8932-0","article-title":"Computer-enhanced laparoscopic training system (celts): Bridging the gap","volume":"18","author":"Stylopoulos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0486-0","article-title":"The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance","volume":"46","author":"Suchomel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2010.74.12.tb05011.x","article-title":"Augmented kinematic feedback from haptic virtual reality for dental skill acquisition","volume":"74","author":"Suebnukarn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2009.04.008","article-title":"Process and outcome measures of expert\/novice performance on a haptic virtual reality system","volume":"37","author":"Suebnukarn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib142","series-title":"2016 ieee international conference on serious games and applications for health (segah).","article-title":"Video game experience and basic robotic skills","author":"Tanaka","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib143","unstructured":"Thomas, K. (2004). Learning taxonomies in the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domain. https:\/\/www.rockymountainalchemy.com\/whitePapers\/rma-wp-learning-taxonomies.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-010-1325-2","article-title":"Limited value of haptics in virtual reality laparoscopic cholecystectomy training","volume":"25","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2016.80.8.tb06181.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of crown preparation assessment software as an educational tool in simulation clinic: A pilot study","volume":"80","author":"Tiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.11.6.426","article-title":"Virtual reality flexible sigmoidoscopy simulator training: Impact on resident performance","volume":"11","author":"Tuggy","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2020.07.005","article-title":"A multi-modal approach to cognitive training and assistance in minimally invasive surgery","volume":"64","author":"Vajsbaher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognitive Systems Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-010-1151-6","article-title":"European consensus on a competency-based virtual reality training program for basic endoscopic surgical psychomotor skills","volume":"25","author":"van Dongen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-021-00261-3","article-title":"Intelligent tutoring for surgical decision making: A planning-based approach","volume":"32","author":"Vannaprathip","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-022-00216-8","article-title":"Improving static balance ability with trainings supported by somatosensory-based feedback system","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Smart Learning Environments"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.09.022","article-title":"Kinect-based real-time audiovisual feedback device improves cpr quality of lower-body-weight rescuers","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000560","article-title":"Velocity-based training: From theory to application","volume":"43","author":"Weakley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Strength & Conditioning Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib153","first-page":"17","article-title":"Computer-assisted learning and simulation lab with 40 DentSim units","volume":"11","author":"Welk","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Computerized Dentistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib154","first-page":"123","article-title":"DentSim - a future teaching option for dentists","volume":"7","author":"Welk","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Computerized Dentistry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0734-y","article-title":"Comparison of periodized and non-periodized resistance training on maximal strength: A meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib156","first-page":"403","article-title":"MIST VR: A virtual reality trainer for laparoscopic surgery assesses performance","volume":"79","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib157","series-title":"Strength training for athletes","author":"Winch","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2017.10.001","article-title":"Automated outcome scoring in a virtual reality simulator for endodontic surgery","volume":"153","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib159","unstructured":"Yousician Ltd. (n.d.). Yousician. https:\/\/yousician.com\/. Accessed 27 March 2024."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11246-7","article-title":"A study of children emotion and their performance while handwriting arabic characters using a haptic device","volume":"28","author":"Zakraoui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib161","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of coordination training program on learning tennis skills","volume":"15","author":"Zetou","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Sport Journal"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib162","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 11th international conference on networks, communication and computing.","article-title":"3D body sensor-based martial arts demonstration and teaching system","author":"Zhang","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1_bib163","series-title":"Real-world applications in cognitive neuroscience","first-page":"201","article-title":"Chapter 11 - the effects of visual training on sports skill in volleyball players","author":"Zhou","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226000739?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1560429226000739?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:52:11Z","timestamp":1779087131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1560429226000739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":163,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1560429226000739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1560-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1560-4292","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Through the Telescope: A Systematic Review of Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Their Applications in Psychomotor Skill Learning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40593-025-00526-1","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}