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However, genAI efficacy varies among users and use cases, likely due to insufficient understanding of their operations and limitations. This study investigates the effect of genAI and targeted instruction on writing productivity and quality among graduate students on graded professional writing assignments. Employing a mixed-methods design, we compared students\u2019 performance on professional writing tasks conducted without and with genAI assistance. Comprehensive genAI instruction was provided prior to tool usage. Results showed genAI, with proper instruction, reduced writing time by 56.7% and improved writing quality from an A- to an A on average. Productivity benefits were observed across native English (NES) and non-native English speaking (NNES) students. Quality benefits were more prominent in the NNES students, suggesting a potential leveling effect of genAI in support of writing in a second language. This study highlights the importance of tailored educational strategies in leveraging genAI tools to build students\u2019 competency to maximize benefits and mitigate limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-025-00528-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T21:42:57Z","timestamp":1764193377000},"page":"4057-4082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Generative AI\u2019s Impact on Graduate Student Professional Writing Productivity and Quality"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Allison E.","family":"Connell Pensky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jordan H.","family":"Usdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Harley","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"528_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16031166","author":"H Al Naqbi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al Naqbi, H., Bahroun, Z., & Ahmed, V. 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This study complied with all relevant ethical guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research Ethics Statement"}},{"value":"J.U. has a potentially competing interest to declare. In addition to being an adjunct faculty at Carnegie Mellon, he is employed by Microsoft as the Senior Director of Strategy and Innovation in the office of the Chief Technology Officer.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}