{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T13:52:46Z","timestamp":1744206766156,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Complex Intell. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Software usability is usually used in reference to the hierarchical software usability model by researchers and is an important aspect of user experience and software quality. Thus, evaluation of software usability is an essential parameter for managing and regulating a software. However, it has been difficult to establish a precise evaluation method for this problem. A large number of usability factors have been suggested by many researchers, each covering a set of different factors to increase the degree of user friendliness of a software. Therefore, the selection of the correct determining features is of paramount importance. This paper proposes an innovative metaheuristic algorithm for the selection of most important features in a hierarchical software model. A hierarchy-based usability model is an exhaustive interpretation of the factors, attributes, and its characteristics in a software at different levels. This paper proposes a modified version of grey wolf optimisation algorithm (GWO) termed as modified grey wolf optimization (MGWO) algorithm. The mechanism of this algorithm is based on the hunting mechanism of wolves in nature. The algorithm chooses a number of features which are then applied to software development life cycle models for finding out the best among them. The outcome of this application is also compared with the conventional grey wolf optimization algorithm (GWO), modified binary bat algorithm (MBBAT), modified whale optimization algorithm (MWOA), and modified moth flame optimization (MMFO). The results show that MGWO surpasses all the other relevant optimizers in terms of accuracy and produces a lesser number of attributes equal to 8 as compared to 9 in MMFO and 12 in MBBAT and 19 in MWOA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-021-00384-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T16:03:19Z","timestamp":1620835399000},"page":"3487-3497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Feature selection algorithm for usability engineering: a nature inspired approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Rajat","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anvita","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3019-7161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepak","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Khanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kalpna","family":"Sagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anil K.","family":"Ahlawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"384_CR1","unstructured":"Iso W (1998) 9241\u201311. Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs), The international organization for standardization, p 45"},{"issue":"1","key":"384_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1515\/eng-2017-0021","volume":"7","author":"D Gupta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupta D, Ahlawat AK, Sagar K (2017) Usability prediction and ranking of SDLC models using fuzzy hierarchical usability model. Open Eng 7(1):161\u2013168","journal-title":"Open Eng"},{"key":"384_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He Y, Zhou J, Li C, Yang J, Li Q (2008) A precise chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithm based on improved tent map. In: 2008 Fourth International Conference on Natural Computation (Vol. 7, pp. 569-573). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNC.2008.588"},{"key":"384_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2016.01.008","volume":"95","author":"S Mirjalili","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mirjalili S, Lewis A (2016) The whale optimization algorithm. Adv Eng Softw 95:51\u201367","journal-title":"Adv Eng Softw"},{"key":"384_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang XS (2010) A new metaheuristic bat-inspired algorithm. In: Nature inspired cooperative strategies for optimization (NICSO 2010) (pp. 65-74). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12538-6_6"},{"key":"384_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang XS, Deb S (2009) Cuckoo search via L\u00e9vy flights. In: 2009 World congress on nature and biologically inspired computing (NaBIC) (pp. 210-214). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/NABIC.2009.5393690"},{"key":"384_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta D, Ahlawat A, Sagar K (2014) A critical analysis of a hierarchy based Usability Model. In: 2014 international conference on contemporary computing and informatics (IC3I) (pp. 255\u2013260). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/IC3I.2014.7019810"},{"key":"384_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain R, Gupta D, Khanna A (2019) Usability feature optimization using MWOA. In: International conference on innovative computing and communications (pp. 453\u2013462). Springer, Singapore","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2354-6_47"},{"key":"384_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocs.2017.06.005","volume":"23","author":"D Gupta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupta D, Ahlawat AK (2017) Usability feature selection via MBBAT: a novel approach. J Comput Sci 23:195\u2013203","journal-title":"J Comput Sci"},{"key":"384_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta D, Rodrigues JJ, Sundaram S, Khanna A, Korotaev V, de Albuquerque VHC (2018) Usability feature extraction using modified crow search algorithm: a novel approach. Neural Comput Appl: 1\u201311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-018-3688-6"},{"key":"384_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007","volume":"69","author":"S Mirjalili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mirjalili S, Mirjalili SM, Lewis A (2014) Grey wolf optimizer. Adv Eng Softw 69:46\u201361","journal-title":"Adv Eng Softw"},{"key":"384_CR12","unstructured":"Boehm BW, Brown JR, Lipow M (1976) Quantitative evaluation of software quality. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Software engineering (pp. 592\u2013605)"},{"key":"384_CR13","volume-title":"The evaluation of software usability","author":"A Dillon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dillon A (2001) The evaluation of software usability. Taylor and Francis, London"},{"issue":"4","key":"384_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327590IJHC1304_03","volume":"13","author":"HR Hartson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hartson HR, Andre TS, Williges RC (2001) Criteria for evaluating usability evaluation methods. Int J Hum Comput Interact 13(4):373\u2013410","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Interact"},{"key":"384_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11219-006-7600-8","volume":"14","author":"A Seffah","year":"2006","unstructured":"Seffah A, Donyaee M, Kline RB, Padda HK (2006) Usability measurement and metrics: a consolidated model. Softw Qual J 14:159\u2013178","journal-title":"Softw Qual J"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"384_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2009.04.007","volume":"21","author":"B Shackel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shackel B (2009) Usability-context, framework, definition, design and evaluation. Interact Comput 21(5\u20136):339\u2013346","journal-title":"Interact Comput"},{"key":"384_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagar K, Saha A (2017) A systematic review of software usability studies. Int J Inform Technol: 1\u201324","DOI":"10.1007\/s41870-017-0048-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"384_CR18","first-page":"590","volume":"4","author":"A Madan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Madan A, Dubey SK (2012) Usability evaluation methods: a literature review. Int J Engi Sci Technol 4(2):590\u2013599","journal-title":"Int J Engi Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"384_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3233\/IDA-1997-1302","volume":"1","author":"M Dash","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dash M, Liu H (1997) Feature selection for classification. Intell Data Anal 1(3):131\u2013156","journal-title":"Intell Data Anal"},{"key":"384_CR20","unstructured":"Li J, Cheng K, Wang S, Morstatter F, Trevino RP, Tang J, Liu H (2016) Feature selection: a data perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:1601.07996"},{"key":"384_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.11.077","volume":"300","author":"J Cai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cai J, Luo J, Wang S, Yang S (2018) Feature selection in machine learning: a new perspective. Neurocomputing 300:70\u201379","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"384_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Back T (1996) Evolutionary algorithms in theory and practice: evolution strategies, evolutionary programming, genetic algorithms. Oxford University Press","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195099713.001.0001"},{"key":"384_CR23","unstructured":"Dasgupta D, Michalewicz Z (eds) (2013) Evolutionary algorithms in engineering applications. Springer"},{"key":"384_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eiben AE, van Hemert JI, Marchiori E, Steenbeek AG (1998) Solving binary constraint satisfaction problems using evolutionary algorithms with an adaptive fitness function. In: International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (pp. 201\u2013210). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0056863"},{"key":"384_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richter H (2002) An evolutionary algorithm for controlling chaos: the use of multi\u2013objective fitness functions. In: International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (pp. 308\u2013317). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45712-7_30"},{"issue":"10","key":"384_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4436","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.10.4436","volume":"91","author":"JU Bowie","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bowie JU, Eisenberg D (1994) An evolutionary approach to folding small alpha-helical proteins that uses sequence information and an empirical guiding fitness function. Proc Natil Acad Sci 91(10):4436\u20134440","journal-title":"Proc Natil Acad Sci"},{"key":"384_CR27","unstructured":"Projects, Contributors to Wikimedia. 2020 \u201cAlgorithm Models\/Grey Wolf Optimizer.\u201d Wikiversity,15 Apr 2020 en.m.wikiversity.org\/wiki\/Algorithm\\_models\/Grey\\_Wolf\\_Optimizer"},{"key":"384_CR28","unstructured":"ISO I (1991) Information technology-software product evaluation-quality characteristics and guide lines for their use. Iso\/iec is, 9126"},{"issue":"121990","key":"384_CR29","first-page":"3","volume":"610121990","author":"J Radatz","year":"1990","unstructured":"Radatz J, Geraci A, Katki F (1990) IEEE standard glossary of software engineering terminology. IEEE Std 610121990(121990):3","journal-title":"IEEE Std"},{"key":"384_CR30","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC, 2011. ISO\/IEC 25010: 2011 Systems and software engineering\u2013systems and software quality requirements and evaluation (SQuaRE)\u2013system and software quality models"},{"key":"384_CR31","unstructured":"Iso, I.S.O., 2018. 9241-11 (2018) Ergonomics of human-system interaction\u2013part 11: usability: definitions and concepts. Int Org Standard. https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui\/#iso:std:iso, 9241(11)"},{"issue":"6","key":"384_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4262","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-018-2302-0","volume":"76","author":"A Suresh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suresh A, Kumar R, Varatharajan R (2020) Health care data analysis using evolutionary algorithm. J Supercomput 76(6):4262\u20134271","journal-title":"J Supercomput"},{"key":"384_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135161","volume":"711","author":"FS Hosseini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hosseini FS, Choubin B, Mosavi A, Nabipour N, Shamshirband S, Darabi H, Haghighi AT (2020) Flash-flood hazard assessment using ensembles and Bayesian-based machine learning models: application of the simulated annealing feature selection method. Sci Total Environ 711:135161","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"384_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahad LG, Tahir SF, Shahzad W, Hassan M, Alquhayz H, Hassan R (2020) Ant colony optimization-based streaming feature selection: an application to the medical image diagnosis. Sci Program","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1064934"},{"issue":"1","key":"384_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13673-017-0111-8","volume":"7","author":"K Sagar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sagar K, Saha A (2017) Qualitative usability feature selection with ranking: a novel approach for ranking the identified usability problematic attributes for academic websites using data-mining techniques. Human Centric Comput Inform Sci 7(1):29","journal-title":"Human Centric Comput Inform Sci"},{"key":"384_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamir DE, Komogortsev OV, Mueller CJ, Venkata DK, LaKomski GR, Jamnagarwala AM (2011) Detection of software usability deficiencies. In: International Conference of Design, User Experience, and Usability (pp. 527\u2013536). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21708-1_59"},{"key":"384_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta D, Ahlawat AK, Sharma A Rodrigues JJ (2020) Feature selection and evaluation for software usability model using modified moth-flame optimization. Computing","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-020-00809-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"384_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcde.2017.02.005","volume":"5","author":"M Kohli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kohli M, Arora S (2018) Chaotic grey wolf optimization algorithm for constrained optimization problems. J Computat Design Eng 5(4):458\u2013472","journal-title":"J Computat Design Eng"},{"key":"384_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.04.028","volume":"108","author":"RA Ibrahim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ibrahim RA, Abd Elaziz M, Lu S (2018) Chaotic opposition-based grey-wolf optimization algorithm based on differential evolution and disruption operator for global optimization. Expert Syst Appl 108:1\u201327","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"384_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2017.05.017","volume":"131","author":"E Daniel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Daniel E, Anitha J, Gnanaraj J (2017) Optimum laplacian wavelet mask based medical image using hybrid cuckoo search-grey wolf optimization algorithm. Knowl Based Syst 131:58\u201369","journal-title":"Knowl Based Syst"},{"issue":"15","key":"384_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-018-3310-y","volume":"23","author":"ZJ Teng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Teng ZJ, Lv JL, Guo LW (2019) An improved hybrid grey wolf optimization algorithm. Soft Comput 23(15):6617\u20136631","journal-title":"Soft Comput"},{"key":"384_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao ZM, Zhao J (2019) An improved grey wolf optimization algorithm with variable weights. Comput Intell Neurosci","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2981282"},{"key":"384_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capilla R, Kazman R, Romera C, Carrillo C (2020) Usability implications in software architecture: the case study of a mobile app. Pract Exp Softw","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2883"}],"container-title":["Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00384-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00384-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00384-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T13:06:43Z","timestamp":1690463203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00384-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00384-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2199-4536","2198-6053"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2199-4536"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2198-6053"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}