{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T11:10:52Z","timestamp":1777288252604,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Complex Intell. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>With huge cheap micro-sensing devices deployed, wireless sensor network (WSN) gathers information from the region and delivers it to the base station (BS) for further decision. The hotspot problem occurs when cluster head (CH) nearer to BS may die prematurely due to uneven energy depletion resulting in partitioning the network. To overcome the issue of hotspot or energy hole, unequal clustering is used where variable size clusters are formed. Motivated from the aforesaid discussion, we propose an enhanced fuzzy unequal clustering and routing protocol (E-FUCA) where vital parameters are considered during CH candidate selection, and intelligent decision using fuzzy logic (FL) is taken by non-CH nodes during the selection of their CH for the formation of clusters. To further extend the lifetime, we have used FL for the next-hop choice for efficient routing. We have conducted the simulation experiments for four scenarios and compared the propound protocol\u2019s performance with recent similar protocols. The experimental results validate the improved performance of E-FUCA with its comparative in respect of better lifetime, protracted stability period, and enhanced average energy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-021-00392-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T06:10:04Z","timestamp":1620799804000},"page":"393-412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["E-FUCA: enhancement in fuzzy unequal clustering and routing for sustainable wireless sensor network"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8380-4749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawan Singh","family":"Mehra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"392_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-013-1021-9","volume":"68","author":"P Rawat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rawat P, Singh KD, Chaouchi H, Bonnin JM (2014) Wireless sensor networks: a survey on recent developments and potential synergies. J Supercomput 68:1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11227-013-1021-9","journal-title":"J Supercomput"},{"key":"392_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-020-00137-4","volume":"6","author":"R Pal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pal R, Yadav S, Karnwal R, Aarti Y (2020) EEWC: energy-efficient weighted clustering method based on genetic algorithm for HWSNs. Complex Intell Syst 6:391\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-020-00137-4","journal-title":"Complex Intell Syst"},{"key":"392_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COMNET.2008.04.002","volume":"52","author":"J Yick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yick J, Mukherjee B, Ghosal D (2008) Wireless sensor network survey. Comput Netw 52:2292\u20132330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COMNET.2008.04.002","journal-title":"Comput Netw"},{"key":"392_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-020-00258-w","author":"S Bhushan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhushan S, Kumar M, Kumar P, Stephan T, Shankar A, Liu P (2021) FAJIT: a fuzzy-based data aggregation technique for energy efficiency in wireless sensor network. Complex Intell Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-020-00258-w","journal-title":"Complex Intell Syst"},{"key":"392_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ABLAZE.2015.7155044","author":"PS Mehra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mehra PS, Doja MN, Alam B (2015) Low energy adaptive stable energy efficient (LEASE) protocol for wireless sensor network. Int Conf Futuristic Trends Comput Anal Knowl Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ABLAZE.2015.7155044","journal-title":"Int Conf Futuristic Trends Comput Anal Knowl Manag"},{"key":"392_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2014.09.005","volume":"46","author":"MM Afsar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Afsar MM, Tayarani-N MH (2014) Clustering in sensor networks: a literature survey. J Netw Comput Appl 46:198\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnca.2014.09.005","journal-title":"J Netw Comput Appl"},{"key":"392_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-020-00231-7","volume":"1","author":"BD Deebak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deebak BD, Al-Turjman F (2021) Secure-user sign-in authentication for IoT-based eHealth systems. Complex Intell Syst 1:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-020-00231-7","journal-title":"Complex Intell Syst"},{"key":"392_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2018.2799868","volume":"2","author":"RM Al-Kiyumi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Kiyumi RM, Foh CH, Vural S, Chatzimisios P, Tafazolli R (2018) Fuzzy logic-based routing algorithm for lifetime enhancement in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans Green Commun Netw 2:517\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TGCN.2018.2799868","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Green Commun Netw"},{"key":"392_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.040310.00002","volume":"13","author":"RV Kulkarni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kulkarni RV, F\u00f6rster A, Venayagamoorthy GK (2011) Computational intelligence in wireless sensor networks: a survey. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 13:68\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SURV.2011.040310.00002","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutor"},{"key":"392_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3448","volume":"31","author":"D Agrawal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agrawal D, Pandey S (2018) FUCA: Fuzzy-based unequal clustering algorithm to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Int J Commun Syst 31:34\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dac.3448","journal-title":"Int J Commun Syst"},{"key":"392_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heinzelman WR, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H (2000) Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE Computer Society, p 10","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2000.926982"},{"key":"392_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-018-5779-1","volume":"101","author":"J Hamidzadeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hamidzadeh J, Ghomanjani MH (2018) An unequal cluster-radius approach based on node density in clustering for wireless sensor networks. Wirel Pers Commun 101:1619\u20131637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-018-5779-1","journal-title":"Wirel Pers Commun"},{"key":"392_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim JH, Chauhdary SH, Yang WC, Kim DS, Park MS (2008) PRODUCE: a probability-driven unequal clustering mechanism for wireless sensor networks. In: 22nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications-Workshops (aina workshops 2008). IEEE, pp 928\u2013933","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2008.116"},{"key":"392_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11768-011-0232-y","volume":"9","author":"J Yu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yu J, Qi Y, Wang G (2011) An energy-driven unequal clustering protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. J Control Theory Appl 9:133\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11768-011-0232-y","journal-title":"J Control Theory Appl"},{"key":"392_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-009-9842-9","volume":"56","author":"S Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee S, Choe H, Park B, Song Y, Kim C (2011) LUCA: an energy-efficient unequal clustering algorithm using location information for wireless sensor networks. Wirel Pers Commun 56:715\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-009-9842-9","journal-title":"Wirel Pers Commun"},{"key":"392_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202145","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/202145","volume":"7","author":"J Yu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yu J, Qi Y, Wang G, Guo Q, Gu X (2011) An energy-aware distributed unequal clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks. Int J Distrib Sens Netw 7:202145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2011\/202145","journal-title":"Int J Distrib Sens Netw"},{"key":"392_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim J, Park S, Han Y, Chung T (2008) CHEF: cluster head election mechanism using fuzzy logic in wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, pp 654\u2013659","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACT.2008.4493846"},{"key":"392_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.5120\/17022-7310","volume":"97","author":"S Gajjar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gajjar S, Sarkar M, Dasgupta K (2014) Cluster head selection protocol using fuzzy logic for wireless sensor networks. Int J Comput Appl 97:38\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5120\/17022-7310","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"key":"392_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JKSUS.2018.04.031","volume":"32","author":"PS Mehra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehra PS, Doja MN, Alam B (2020) Fuzzy based enhanced cluster head selection (FBECS) for WSN. J King Saud Univ Sci 32:390\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JKSUS.2018.04.031","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ Sci"},{"key":"392_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ASOC.2012.12.029","volume":"13","author":"H Bagci","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bagci H, Yazici A (2013) An energy aware fuzzy approach to unequal clustering in wireless sensor networks. Appl Soft Comput 13:1741\u20131749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ASOC.2012.12.029","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"392_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-1013-1","volume":"22","author":"R Logambigai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Logambigai R, Kannan A (2016) Fuzzy logic based unequal clustering for wireless sensor networks. Wirel Netw 22:945\u2013957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11276-015-1013-1","journal-title":"Wirel Netw"},{"key":"392_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-012-0356-4","volume":"18","author":"S Mao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mao S, Zhao C, Zhou Z, Ye Y (2013) An improved fuzzy unequal clustering algorithm for wireless sensor network. Mob Netw Appl 18:206\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11036-012-0356-4","journal-title":"Mob Netw Appl"},{"key":"392_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ASOC.2015.11.044","volume":"40","author":"B Baranidharan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baranidharan B, Santhi B (2016) DUCF: Distributed load balancing unequal clustering in wireless sensor networks using fuzzy approach. Appl Soft Comput 40:495\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ASOC.2015.11.044","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"392_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ASOC.2014.11.063","volume":"30","author":"SA Sert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sert SA, Bagci H, Yazici A (2015) MOFCA: multi-objective fuzzy clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks. Appl Soft Comput 30:151\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ASOC.2014.11.063","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"key":"392_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-017-1466-5","author":"M Mirzaie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mirzaie M, Mazinani SM (2017) MCFL: an energy efficient multi-clustering algorithm using fuzzy logic in wireless sensor network. Wirel Networks. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11276-017-1466-5","journal-title":"Wirel Networks"},{"key":"392_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155014771770789","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147717707897","volume":"13","author":"Y Tian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tian Y, Zhou Q, Zhang F, Li J (2017) Multi-hop clustering routing algorithm based on fuzzy inference and multi-path tree. Int J Distrib Sens Netw 13:155014771770789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1550147717707897","journal-title":"Int J Distrib Sens Netw"},{"key":"392_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlShawi IS, Yan L, Pan W, Luo B (2012) Lifetime enhancement in wireless sensor networks using fuzzy approach and A-star algorithm. In: IET Conference Publications","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2012.0611"},{"issue":"10","key":"392_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2016.071012","volume":"7","author":"S Khudair Leabi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khudair Leabi S, Younis Abdalla T (2015) Energy efficient routing protocol for maximizing lifetime in wireless sensor networks using fuzzy logic. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 7(10):95\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14569\/IJACSA.2016.071012","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl"},{"key":"392_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216561","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/216561","volume":"9","author":"H Jiang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jiang H, Sun Y, Sun R, Xu H (2013) Fuzzy-logic-based energy optimized routing for wireless sensor networks. Int J Distrib Sens Netw 9:216561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/216561","journal-title":"Int J Distrib Sens Netw"},{"key":"392_CR30","first-page":"2687","volume-title":"Telecommunication systems","author":"AM Ortiz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ortiz AM, Royo F, Olivares T, Castillo JC, Orozco-Barbosa L, Marron PJ (2013) Fuzzy-logic based routing for dense wireless sensor networks. Telecommunication systems. Springer, Berlin, pp 2687\u20132697"},{"issue":"8","key":"392_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/216561","volume":"9","author":"T Haider","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haider T, Yusuf M (2009) A fuzzy approach to energy optimized routing for wireless sensor networks. Int J Disturb Sens J 9(8):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/216561","journal-title":"Int J Disturb Sens J"},{"key":"392_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.6-10-2020.166548","author":"A Dwivedi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dwivedi A, Sharma A, Mehra PS (2020) Energy-aware routing protocols for wireless sensor network based on fuzzy logic: a 10-years analytical review. EAI Endorsed Trans Energy Web. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4108\/eai.6-10-2020.166548","journal-title":"EAI Endorsed Trans Energy Web"},{"key":"392_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.1977.1674779","volume":"26","author":"HE Mamdani","year":"1977","unstructured":"Mamdani HE (1977) Application of fuzzy logic to approximate reasoning using linguistic synthesis. IEEE Trans Comput C 26:1182\u20131191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TC.1977.1674779","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput C"},{"key":"392_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.9790\/0661-1804057989","volume":"18","author":"MAH Al-Quh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Quh MAH, Saroit IA, Mohammed Kotb DA (2016) FEQRP: a fuzzy based energy-efficient and QoS routing protocol over WSNs. IOSR J Comput Eng 18:79\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9790\/0661-1804057989","journal-title":"IOSR J Comput Eng"},{"key":"392_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2517-1_72","volume-title":"Advances in intelligent systems and computing","author":"PS Mehra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mehra PS, Doja MN, Alam B (2016) Enhanced stable period for two level and multilevel heterogeneous model for distant base station in wireless sensor network. Advances in intelligent systems and computing. Springer, Berlin, pp 751\u2013759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-81-322-2517-1_72"},{"key":"392_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/jmcomm.2010.38.42","author":"G Smaragdakis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smaragdakis G, Matta I, Bestavros A (2004) SEP: a stable election protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Second Int Work Sens Actor Netw Protoc Appl (SANPA). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3923\/jmcomm.2010.38.42","journal-title":"Second Int Work Sens Actor Netw Protoc Appl (SANPA)"}],"container-title":["Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00392-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00392-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00392-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T12:35:11Z","timestamp":1646310911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00392-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00392-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2199-4536","2198-6053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2199-4536","type":"print"},{"value":"2198-6053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No conflict of interest exists.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}