{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T01:45:29Z","timestamp":1773193529362,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011823","name":"Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021KY0060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KY0060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Complex Intell. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blockchain-based systems, coined by distributed ledger technologies (DLTs), have rapidly received tremendous interest from academia, industries, and governments. Recent literature has revealed many research and developments on applying DLTs to the Internet of things (IoT), cloud-edge computing. In this survey, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the newly appeared concepts, theories, platforms, and DLTs-facilitated applications of vehicular networks and mobile edge computing (MEC). We also review the selections of the available DLTs related platforms and tools. Future research directions and issues are discussed, including security, privacy, scalability issues, and multiple applications in various domains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-021-00603-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T04:09:28Z","timestamp":1649131768000},"page":"4403-4419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Distributed ledger technologies in vehicular mobile edge computing: a survey"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3088-8525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5875-3062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingsheng","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"603_CR1","unstructured":"Lanctot R (2017) Accelerating the future: the economic impact of the emerging passenger economy. Intel: https:\/\/preview.tinyurl.com\/ycps9xgh"},{"key":"603_CR2","unstructured":"Forum IT (2015) Urban mobility system upgrade. How shared self-driving cars could change city traffic. International Transport Forum. https:\/\/www.itf-oecd.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/15cpb_self-drivingcars.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"603_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2017.2668838","volume":"12","author":"K Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang K et al (2017) Mobile-edge computing for vehicular networks: a promising network paradigm with predictive off-loading. IEEE Veh Technol Mag 12(2):36\u201344","journal-title":"IEEE Veh Technol Mag"},{"issue":"11","key":"603_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700906","volume":"56","author":"N Hassan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hassan N et al (2018) The role of edge computing in Internet of things. IEEE Commun Mag 56(11):110\u2013115","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"key":"603_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.02.050","volume":"97","author":"WZ Khan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khan WZ et al (2019) Edge computing: a survey. Futur Gener Comput Syst 97:219\u2013235","journal-title":"Futur Gener Comput Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2018.2879647","volume":"14","author":"J Feng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feng J et al (2019) Mobile edge computing for the internet of vehicles: offloading framework and job scheduling. IEEE Veh Technol Mag 14(1):28\u201336","journal-title":"IEEE Veh Technol Mag"},{"key":"603_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61020","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2983609","volume":"8","author":"H Ji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ji H, Alfarraj O, Tolba A (2020) Artificial intelligence-empowered edge of vehicles: architecture, enabling technologies, and applications. IEEE Access 8:61020\u201361034","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"603_CR8","first-page":"604","volume":"101","author":"N Ansari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ansari N, Sun X (2017) Mobile edge computing empowers internet of things. IEICE Trans Commun 101:604\u2013619","journal-title":"IEICE Trans Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"603_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2915983","volume":"107","author":"S Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu S et al (2019) Edge computing for autonomous driving: opportunities and challenges. Proc IEEE 107(8):1697\u20131716","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"603_CR10","unstructured":"WHO (2020) Road traffic injuries. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/factsheets\/detail\/road-traffic-injuries"},{"key":"603_CR11","volume":"19","author":"M Arif","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arif M et al (2019) A survey on security attacks in VANETs: communication, applications and challenges. Veh Commun 19:100179","journal-title":"Veh Commun"},{"key":"603_CR12","first-page":"546","volume":"16","author":"J Petit","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petit J, Shladover SE (2015) Potential cyberattacks on automated vehicles. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 16:546\u2013556","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"603_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160korput P, Vojvodic H and Mand\u017euka S (2017) Cyber security in cooperative intelligent transportation systems. In: 59th International Symposium ELMAR-2017. 2017: Zadar, Croatia.","DOI":"10.23919\/ELMAR.2017.8124429"},{"key":"603_CR14","unstructured":"Retzer MSS (2018) Defining the future of mobility: intelligent and connected vehicles (ICVs) in China and Germany: opportunities, challenges and the road ahead. Available from: http:\/\/www.sustainabletransport.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Defining-the-Future-of-Mobility-ICVs-in-China-and-Germany-1-1.pdf."},{"key":"603_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joy J and Gerla M (2017) Internet of vehicles and autonomous connected car privacy and security issues. In: 26th International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN). Vancouver, BC, Canada, pp 1\u20139","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2017.8038391"},{"issue":"5","key":"603_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.3390\/en11051062","volume":"11","author":"HSM Lim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lim HSM, Taeihagh A (2018) Autonomous vehicles for smart and sustainable cities: an in-depth exploration of privacy and cybersecurity implications. Energies 11(5):1062","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"603_CR17","unstructured":"M, W., Distributed Ledger Technology: Beyond Blockchain. 2016, UK Government Office for Science[R]"},{"key":"603_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2021.3112693","author":"H Xiong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiong H et al (2021) On the design of Blockchain-based ECDSA with fault-tolerant batch verication protocol for Blockchain-enabled IoMT. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JBHI.2021.3112693","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"key":"603_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anita N and Vijayalakshmi M (2019) Blockchain security attack: a brief survey. In: 2019 10th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). Kanpur, India, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT45670.2019.8944615"},{"key":"603_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2021.103582","volume":"80","author":"J Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song J et al (2022) A new secure arrangement for privacy-preserving data collection. Comput Stand Interfaces 80:103582","journal-title":"Comput Stand Interfaces"},{"issue":"2","key":"603_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2894727","volume":"21","author":"R Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang R et al (2019) Integrated blockchain and edge computing systems: a survey, some research issues and challenges. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 21(2):1508\u20131532","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutor"},{"issue":"6","key":"603_CR22","volume":"32","author":"R Gupta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gupta R, Kumari A, Tanwar S (2020) A taxonomy of blockchain envisioned edge-as-a-connected autonomous vehicles. Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol 32(6):e4009","journal-title":"Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol"},{"key":"603_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2020.106646","volume":"84","author":"L Mendiboure","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mendiboure L, Chalouf MA, Krief F (2020) Survey on blockchain-based applications in internet of vehicles. Comput Electr Eng 84:106646","journal-title":"Comput Electr Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"603_CR24","first-page":"1","volume":"52","author":"Q Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu Q et al (2020) Applications of distributed ledger technologies to the Internet of things. ACM Comput Surv 52(6):1\u201334","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"key":"603_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2019.100107","volume":"8","author":"BK Mohanta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohanta BK et al (2019) Blockchain technology: a survey on applications and security privacy Challenges. Internet Things 8:100107","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"603_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17578","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2895302","volume":"7","author":"P Fraga-Lamas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fraga-Lamas P, Fernandez-Carames TM (2019) A review on Blockchain technologies for an advanced and cyber-resilient automotive industry. IEEE Access 7:17578\u201317598","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"603_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79694","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2922236","volume":"7","author":"TA Butt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Butt TA et al (2019) Privacy management in social internet of vehicles: review, challenges and blockchain based solutions. IEEE Access 7:79694\u201379713","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"603_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2961937","volume":"108","author":"H Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou H et al (2020) Evolutionary V2X technologies toward the internet of vehicles: challenges and opportunities. Proc IEEE 108(2):308\u2013323","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"603_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900504","volume":"34","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y et al (2020) Challenges and solutions in autonomous driving: a blockchain approach. IEEE Network 34:218\u2013226","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"603_CR30","first-page":"1","volume":"2019","author":"S Raza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raza S et al (2019) A survey on vehicular edge computing: architecture, applications, technical issues, and future directions. Wirel Commun Mob Comput 2019:1\u201319","journal-title":"Wirel Commun Mob Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2020.012205","volume":"66","author":"Z Lejun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lejun Z et al (2020) Secure and efficient medical data storage and sharing scheme based on double blockchain. Comput Mater Continua 66(1):499\u2013515","journal-title":"Comput Mater Continua"},{"key":"603_CR32","unstructured":"Satoshi Nakamoto (2008) Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Available from: https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/bitcoin.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3372136","volume":"53","author":"L Lao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lao L et al (2020) A survey of IoT applications in Blockchain systems. ACM Comput Surv 53(1):1\u201332","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"key":"603_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bencic FM and Podnar Zarko I (2018) Distributed ledger technology: Blockchain compared to directed acyclic graph. In: 2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS). Vienna, Austria, pp 1569\u20131570","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2018.00171"},{"key":"603_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schollmeier R (2002) A definition of peer-to-peer networking for the classification of peer-to-peer architectures and applications. In: Proceedings First International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing. Linkoping, Sweden, pp 101\u2013102","DOI":"10.1109\/P2P.2001.990434"},{"key":"603_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3084753","author":"W Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang W et al (2021) Blockchain-based reliable and efficient certificateless signature for IIoT devices. IEEE Trans Indust Inform. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TII.2021.3084753","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Indust Inform"},{"key":"603_CR37","volume":"154","author":"SMH Bamakan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bamakan SMH, Motavali A, Babaei Bondarti A (2020) A survey of blockchain consensus algorithms performance evaluation criteria. Expert Syst Appl 154:113385","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR38","first-page":"101","volume":"14","author":"N Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim N, Nguyen G-T (2018) A survey about consensus algorithms used in blockchain. J Inf Process Syst 14(1):101\u2013128","journal-title":"J Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"603_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4315","author":"L Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang L et al (2021) Secure and efficient data storage and sharing scheme for blockchain-based mobile-edge computing. Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ett.4315","journal-title":"Trans Emerg Telecommun Technol"},{"key":"603_CR40","unstructured":"5GAA (2017) White Paper: toward fully connected vehicles: edge computing for advanced automotive communications. Available from: https:\/\/5gaa.org\/news\/toward-fully-connected-vehicles-edge-computing-for-advanced-automotive-communications\/"},{"key":"603_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2959743","volume":"21","author":"S Olariu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Olariu S (2019) A survey of vehicular cloud research: trends, applications and challenges. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 21:2648\u20132663","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2012.05.023","volume":"29","author":"N Fernando","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fernando N, Loke SW, Rahayu W (2013) Mobile cloud computing: a survey. Futur Gener Comput Syst 29(1):84\u2013106","journal-title":"Futur Gener Comput Syst"},{"issue":"9","key":"603_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155014771666550","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147716665500","volume":"12","author":"E-K Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee E-K et al (2016) Internet of Vehicles: from intelligent grid to autonomous cars and vehicular fogs. Int J Distrib Sens Netw 12(9):155014771666550","journal-title":"Int J Distrib Sens Netw"},{"issue":"2","key":"603_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2947490","volume":"108","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang J, Letaief KB (2020) Mobile edge intelligence and computing for the internet of vehicles. Proc IEEE 108(2):246\u2013261","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"603_CR45","unstructured":"Hu VC et al (2014) Guide to Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC) Definition and Considerations. National Institute\nStandards and Technology NIST SP, NIST Special Publication, pp 800\u2013162"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010154","volume":"20","author":"L Nkenyereye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nkenyereye L et al (2019) Secure and blockchain-based emergency driven message protocol for 5g enabled vehicular edge computing. Sensors 20(1):154","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"603_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54314","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2981397","volume":"8","author":"P Bagga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bagga P et al (2020) Authentication protocols in internet of vehicles: taxonomy, analysis, and challenges. IEEE Access 8:54314\u201354344","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"603_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.06.027","volume":"89","author":"AK Das","year":"2018","unstructured":"Das AK, Zeadally S, He D (2018) Taxonomy and analysis of security protocols for Internet of Things. Futur Gener Comput Syst 89:110\u2013125","journal-title":"Futur Gener Comput Syst"},{"key":"603_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma R and Chakraborty S (2018) B2VDM: blockchain based vehicular data management. In: International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI). Bangalore, India, pp 2337\u20132343","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2018.8554369"},{"key":"603_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10723-020-09531-1","author":"K Lei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lei K et al (2020) Blockchain-based cache poisoning security protection and privacy-aware access control in NDN vehicular edge computing networks. J Grid Comput. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10723-020-09531-1","journal-title":"J Grid Comput"},{"key":"603_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888920000028","volume":"35","author":"MS Ferdous","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferdous MS et al (2020) Immutable autobiography of smart cars leveraging blockchain technology. Knowl Eng Rev 35:E3","journal-title":"Knowl Eng Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"603_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4889","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.2983466","volume":"22","author":"Q Kong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kong Q et al (2020) Achieving privacy-preserving and verifiable data sharing in vehicular fog with blockchain. IEEE Trans Intell Transport Syst 22(8):4889\u20134898","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transport Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"603_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4573","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2868076","volume":"6","author":"M Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li M, Zhu L, Lin X (2019) Efficient and privacy-preserving carpooling using blockchain-assisted vehicular fog computing. IEEE Internet Things J 6(3):4573\u20134584","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"603_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amiri WA, et al (2019) Privacy-preserving smart parking system using blockchain and private information retrieval. In: International Conference on Smart Applications, Communications and Networking (SmartNets). Sharm El Sheik, Egypt, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartNets48225.2019.9069783"},{"issue":"4","key":"603_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2019.2905490","volume":"8","author":"J Hu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hu J et al (2019) Parking management: a blockchain-based privacy-preserving system. IEEE Consum Electron Mag 8(4):45\u201349","journal-title":"IEEE Consum Electron Mag"},{"issue":"6","key":"603_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6578","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2984621","volume":"69","author":"C Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang C et al (2020) BSFP: blockchain-enabled smart parking with fairness, reliability and privacy protection. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(6):6578\u20136591","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"issue":"12","key":"603_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700879","volume":"55","author":"A Dorri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dorri A et al (2017) BlockChain: a distributed solution to automotive security and privacy. IEEE Commun Mag 55(12):119\u2013125","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"key":"603_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52968","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2979248","volume":"8","author":"S Iqbal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iqbal S et al (2020) Blockchain-based reputation management for task offloading in micro-level vehicular fog network. IEEE Access 8:52968\u201352980","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"5","key":"603_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4278","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2956241","volume":"7","author":"J Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao J et al (2019) A Blockchain-SDN enabled internet of vehicles environment for fog computing and 5G networks. IEEE Internet Things J 7(5):4278\u20134291","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"3","key":"603_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1700344","volume":"32","author":"H Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu H, Zhang Y, Yang T (2018) Blockchain-enabled security in electric vehicles cloud and edge computing. IEEE Network 32(3):78\u201383","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"603_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60598","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2980298","volume":"8","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Q et al (2020) TrafficChain: a blockchain-based secure and privacy-preserving traffic map. IEEE Access 8:60598\u201360612","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"603_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2954213","volume":"16","author":"C Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen C et al (2020) Smart-contract-based economical platooning in blockchain-enabled urban internet of vehicles. IEEE Trans Industr Inf 16(6):4122\u20134133","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Inf"},{"issue":"6","key":"603_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5813","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2959383","volume":"69","author":"B Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen B et al (2020) A blockchain-based searchable public-key encryption with forward and backward privacy for cloud-assisted vehicular social networks. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(6):5813\u20135825","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"603_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900593","volume":"34","author":"DB Rawat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rawat DB et al (2020) Blockchain enabled named data networking for secure vehicle-to-everything communications. IEEE Network 34:185\u2013189","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"issue":"2","key":"603_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2892009","volume":"6","author":"Y Yao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yao Y et al (2019) BLA: blockchain-assisted lightweight anonymous authentication for distributed vehicular fog services. IEEE Internet Things J 6(2):3775\u20133784","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"603_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur K, et al (2019) Blockchain-based lightweight authentication mechanism for vehicular fog infrastructure. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). 2019: Shanghai, China, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2019.8757184"},{"issue":"7","key":"603_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6610","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2974874","volume":"7","author":"H Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen H et al (2020) Blockchain-based lightweight certificate authority for efficient privacy-preserving location-based service in vehicular social networks. IEEE Internet Things J 7(7):6610\u20136622","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"603_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang P, Liu H and Zhang Y (2019) Blockchain enabled cooperative authentication with data traceability in vehicular edge computing. In: Computing, communications and IoT applications (ComComAp). Shenzhen, China, pp 299\u2013304","DOI":"10.1109\/ComComAp46287.2019.9018754"},{"key":"603_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2020.2978866","author":"C Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang C et al (2020) B-TSCA: blockchain assisted trustworthiness scalable computation for V2I authentication in VANETs. IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TETC.2020.2978866","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"603_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-019-01476-y","volume":"11","author":"A Bonadio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bonadio A et al (2019) An integrated framework for blockchain inspired fog communications and computing in internet of vehicles. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput 11(2):755\u2013762","journal-title":"J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"603_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2020.1003039","volume":"7","author":"XM Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang XM et al (2020) Securing parked vehicle assisted fog computing with blockchain and optimal smart contract design. IEEE-CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 7(2):426\u2013441","journal-title":"IEEE-CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"603_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3002711","author":"U Javaid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Javaid U, Aman MN, Sikdar B (2020) A scalable protocol for driving trust management in internet of vehicles with blockchain. IEEE Internet Things J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3002711","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"6","key":"603_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5736","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2974005","volume":"69","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng Z, Pan J, Cai L (2020) Lightweight blockchain consensus protocols for vehicular social networks. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(6):5736\u20135748","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"603_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3278","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2954345","volume":"16","author":"C Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen C et al (2020) A secure content sharing scheme based on blockchain in vehicular named data networks. IEEE Trans Industr Inf 16(5):3278\u20133289","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Inf"},{"issue":"3","key":"603_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4660","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2875542","volume":"6","author":"J Kang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kang J et al (2019) Blockchain for secure and efficient data sharing in vehicular edge computing and networks. IEEE Internet Things J 6(3):4660\u20134670","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"4","key":"603_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4298","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2973651","volume":"69","author":"Y Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu Y et al (2020) Blockchain empowered asynchronous federated learning for secure data sharing in internet of vehicles. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(4):4298\u20134311","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"603_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.3390\/app10062011","volume":"10","author":"MU Javed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Javed MU et al (2020) Blockchain-based secure data storage for distributed vehicular networks. Appl Sci 10(6):2011","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"603_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4312","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2973705","volume":"69","author":"Y Dai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dai Y et al (2020) Deep reinforcement learning and permissioned blockchain for content caching in vehicular edge computing and networks. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(4):4312\u20134324","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"issue":"11","key":"603_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113141","volume":"20","author":"BG Jeong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jeong BG et al (2020) Blockchain-based data sharing and trading model for the connected car. Sensors 20(11):3141","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"603_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javaid U, Aman MN and Sikdar B (2019) DrivMan: driving trust management and data sharing in VANETs with blockchain and smart contracts. In: IEEE 89th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2019-Spring). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2019.8746499"},{"issue":"5","key":"603_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9098","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2927682","volume":"6","author":"K Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu K et al (2019) A novel debt-credit mechanism for blockchain-based data-trading in internet of vehicles. IEEE Internet Things J 6(5):9098\u20139111","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"603_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2992994","author":"G Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun G et al (2020) Blockchain enhanced high-confidence energy sharing in internet of electric vehicles. IEEE Internet Things J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2992994","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"603_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firoozjaei MD, et al (2019) EVChain: a blockchain-based credit sharing in electric vehicles charging. In: 2019 17th International Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST). Fredericton, NB, Canada, pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/PST47121.2019.8949026"},{"key":"603_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakur S, Hayes B and Breslin JG (2018) A unified model of peer to peer energy trade and electric vehicle charging using blockchains. In: Mediterranean Conference on Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Energy Conversion (MEDPOWER 2018). Dubrovnik, Croatia, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2018.1909"},{"key":"603_CR85","volume":"261","author":"Z Fu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu Z, Dong P, Ju Y (2020) An intelligent electric vehicle charging system for new energy companies based on consortium blockchain. J Clean Prod 261:121219","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"7","key":"603_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6856","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2990443","volume":"69","author":"S Xia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xia S et al (2020) A Bayesian game based vehicle-to-vehicle electricity trading scheme for blockchain-enabled internet of vehicles. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(7):6856\u20136868","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2019.2896323","volume":"50","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou Z et al (2020) Secure and efficient vehicle-to-grid energy trading in cyber physical systems: integration of blockchain and edge computing. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybernet 50(1):43\u201357","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybernet"},{"key":"603_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagenauer F, et al (2017) Vehicular micro clouds as virtual edge servers for efficient data collection. In: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Workshop on Smart, Autonomous, and Connected Vehicular Systems and Services - CarSys '17. New York, USA, pp 31\u201335","DOI":"10.1145\/3131944.3133937"},{"key":"603_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang X, Li R and Cui B (2018) A security architecture of VANET based on blockchain and mobile edge computing. In: 2018 1st IEEE International Conference on Hot Information-Centric Networking (HotICN). Shenzhen, China, pp 258\u2013259","DOI":"10.1109\/HOTICN.2018.8605952"},{"key":"603_CR90","unstructured":"Buterin V (2014) A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform.\nWhite paper 3(37)"},{"key":"603_CR91","first-page":"1","volume":"151","author":"G Wood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wood G (2014) Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transactionledger. Ethereum Project Yellow Paper 151:1\u201332","journal-title":"Ethereum Project Yellow Paper"},{"key":"603_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Androulaki, E et al (2018)\nHyperledger fabric: a distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains. In: Proceedings of\nthe thirteenth EuroSys conference, pp 1-15","DOI":"10.1145\/3190508.3190538"},{"key":"603_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal, S et al (2021) Hyperledger. In Advances\nin Computers, Elsevier, 121:323\u2013343","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2020.08.016"},{"key":"603_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Androulaki E, et al (2018) Hyperledger fabric: a distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference. pp 1\u201315","DOI":"10.1145\/3190508.3190538"},{"key":"603_CR95","unstructured":"Yu FR (2018) vDLT: A service-oriented\nblockchain system with virtualization and decoupled management\/control and execution. arXiv\npreprint arXiv:1809.00290"},{"key":"603_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25019","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2829141","volume":"6","author":"FR Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu FR et al (2018) Virtualization for distributed ledger technology (vDLT). IEEE Access 6:25019\u201325028","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"5","key":"603_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2967788","volume":"7","author":"X Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang X et al (2020) Blockchain-enabled cross-domain object detection for autonomous driving: a model sharing approach. IEEE Internet Things J 7(5):3681\u20133692","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"603_CR98","unstructured":"TRUFFLE (2020) Sweet tools for smart contracts. Retrieved July\n3, 2021, Available from: https:\/\/www.trufflesuite.com\/truffle"},{"key":"603_CR99","unstructured":"Carneiro G (2010) NS-3:\nNetwork simulator 3. In: UTM Lab Meeting April, Vol 20, pp 4\u20135"},{"key":"603_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12842-5_6","volume-title":"Recent advances in network simulation","author":"C Sommer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sommer C et al (2019) Veins: The open source vehicular network simulation framework. Recent advances in network simulation. Springer, Cham, pp 215\u2013252"},{"issue":"3","key":"603_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2011.941898","volume":"6","author":"F Dressler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dressler F et al (2011) Toward realistic simulation of intervehicle communication. IEEE Veh Technol Mag 6(3):43\u201351","journal-title":"IEEE Veh Technol Mag"},{"key":"603_CR102","unstructured":"Krajzewicz D et al (2012) Recent development and\napplications of SUMO-Simulation of Urban MObility. Int J Adv Syst Measur 5(3&4)"},{"issue":"1","key":"603_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2010.133","volume":"10","author":"C Sommer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sommer C, German R, Dressler F (2011) Bidirectionally coupled network and road traffic simulation for improved IVC analysis. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 10(1):3\u201315","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mob Comput"},{"key":"603_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borshchev A et al (2014) Multi-method modelling: AnyLogic.\nDiscrete-event simulation and system dynamics for management decision making, pp 248\u2013279","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118762745.ch12"},{"key":"603_CR105","first-page":"625","volume-title":"European Symposiumon Algorithms","author":"E Konstantinou","year":"2002","unstructured":"Konstantinou E (2002) A software library for elliptic curve cryptography. European Symposiumon Algorithms. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 625\u2013637"},{"key":"603_CR106","volume":"99","author":"I Ali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ali I et al (2019) A blockchain-based certificateless public key signature scheme for vehicle-to-infrastructure communication in VANETs. J Syst Architect 99:101636","journal-title":"J Syst Architect"},{"key":"603_CR107","unstructured":"Bethencourt J et al (2011) Advanced\ncrypto software collection: the cpabe toolkit. Available from:\nhttp:\/\/acsc.cs.utexas.edu\/cpabe. Retrieved 3 July 2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"603_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4146","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2948053","volume":"16","author":"Q Feng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feng Q et al (2020) BPAS: Blockchain-assisted privacy-preserving authentication system for vehicular ad hoc networks. IEEE Trans Industr Inf 16(6):4146\u20134155","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Industr Inf"},{"key":"603_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendki P (2019) Blockchain Enabled IoT Edge Computing. In: ICBCT 2019: 2019 International Conference on Blockchain Technology 2019, Association for Computing Machinery: Honolulu, HI, USA, pp 66\u201369","DOI":"10.1145\/3320154.3320166"},{"issue":"2","key":"603_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.0001.1900109","volume":"3","author":"A Hammoud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hammoud A et al (2020) AI, Blockchain, and vehicular edge computing for smart and secure IoV: challenges and directions. IEEE Internet Things Mag 3(2):68\u201373","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things Mag"},{"key":"603_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2977383","author":"Y Qu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qu Y et al (2020) Decentralized privacy using blockchain-enabled federated learning in fog computing. IEEE Internet Things J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2977383","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"issue":"2","key":"603_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900310","volume":"27","author":"Y Fu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu Y et al (2020) Vehicular blockchain-based collective learning for connected and autonomous vehicles. IEEE Wirel Commun 27(2):197\u2013203","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel Commun"},{"key":"603_CR113","unstructured":"Digiconomist. Bitcoin energy consumption index. 2020 [cited 2020 June 15]; Available from: https:\/\/digiconomist.net\/bitcoin-energyconsumption#validation."},{"key":"603_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2020.106581","volume":"83","author":"F Shahid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shahid F, Khan A, Jeon G (2020) Post-quantum distributed ledger for internet of things. Comput Electr Eng 83:106581","journal-title":"Comput Electr Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"603_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-020-02672-y","volume":"19","author":"M Edwards","year":"2020","unstructured":"Edwards M, Mashatan A, Ghose S (2020) A review of quantum and hybrid quantum\/classical blockchain protocols. Quantum Inf Process 19(6):184","journal-title":"Quantum Inf Process"}],"container-title":["Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00603-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00603-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00603-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T14:03:41Z","timestamp":1664287421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00603-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00603-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2199-4536","2198-6053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2199-4536","type":"print"},{"value":"2198-6053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}