{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T04:28:09Z","timestamp":1776486489579,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62003281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62003281"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SWU020006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU020006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Metropolitan University Research Grant","award":["2020\/1.4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/1.4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Complex Intell. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recently, numerous investors have shifted from active strategies to passive strategies because the passive strategy approach affords stable returns over the long term. Index tracking is a popular passive strategy. Over the preceding year, most researchers handled this problem via a two-step procedure. However, such a method is a suboptimal global-local optimization technique that frequently results in uncertainty and poor performance. This paper introduces a framework to address the comprehensive index tracking problem (IPT) with a joint approach based on metaheuristics. The purpose of this approach is to globally optimize this problem, where optimization is measured by the tracking error and excess return. Sparsity, weights, assets under management, transaction fees, the full share restriction, and investment risk diversification are considered in this problem. However, these restrictions increase the complexity of the problem and make it a nondeterministic polynomial-time-hard problem. Metaheuristics compose the principal process of the proposed framework, as they balance a desirable tradeoff between the computational resource utilization and the quality of the obtained solution. This framework enables the constructed model to fit future data and facilitates the application of various metaheuristics. Competitive results are achieved by the proposed metaheuristic-based framework in the presented simulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-021-00605-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T13:07:07Z","timestamp":1640005627000},"page":"4571-4586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["A metaheuristic-based framework for index tracking with practical constraints"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Man-Chung","family":"Yuen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sin-Chun","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7753-0136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man-Fai","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hangjun","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"605_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17016\/FEDS.2018.060r1","author":"K Anadu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anadu K, Kruttli MS, McCabe PE, Osambela E (2018) The shift from active to passive investing: potential risks to financial stability? Financ Econ Discuss Ser. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17016\/FEDS.2018.060r1","journal-title":"Financ Econ Discuss Ser"},{"key":"605_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asuero AG, Sayago A, Gonzalez AG (2006) The correlation coefficient: an overview. Crit Rev Anal Chem 36(1):41\u201359","DOI":"10.1080\/10408340500526766"},{"issue":"3","key":"605_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00425-3","volume":"148","author":"JE Beasley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beasley JE, Meade N, Chang TJ (2003) An evolutionary heuristic for the index tracking problem. Eur J Oper Res 148(3):621\u2013643","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"605_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2017.2762286","volume":"66","author":"K Benidis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benidis K, Feng Y, Palomar DP (2017) Sparse portfolios for high-dimensional financial index tracking. IEEE Trans Signal Process 66(1):155\u2013170","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Signal Process"},{"issue":"4","key":"605_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-036X.2010.00550.x","volume":"18","author":"D Blitz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blitz D, Huij J, Swinkels L (2012) The performance of European index funds and exchange-traded funds. Eur Financ Manag 18(4):649\u2013662","journal-title":"Eur Financ Manag"},{"key":"605_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.02.041","volume":"237","author":"I Boussa\u00efd","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boussa\u00efd I, Lepagnot J, Siarry P (2013) A survey on optimization metaheuristics. Inf Sci 237:82\u2013117","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"605_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.02.002","volume":"114","author":"H Che","year":"2019","unstructured":"Che H, Wang J (2019) A collaborative neurodynamic approach to global and combinatorial optimization. Neural Netw 114:15\u201327","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"issue":"1","key":"605_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.2973760","volume":"32","author":"H Che","year":"2020","unstructured":"Che H, Wang J (2020) A two-timescale duplex neurodynamic approach to mixed-integer optimization. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 32(1):36\u201348","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"605_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen AH, Liang YC, Liu CC (2013) Portfolio optimization using improved artificial bee colony approach. In: 2013 IEEE conference on computational intelligence for financial engineering and economics (CIFEr). IEEE, pp 60\u201367","DOI":"10.1109\/CIFEr.2013.6611698"},{"issue":"4","key":"605_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2010.08.019","volume":"39","author":"C Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen C, Kwon RH (2012) Robust portfolio selection for index tracking. Comput Oper Res 39(4):829\u2013837","journal-title":"Comput Oper Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"605_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.1529","volume":"25","author":"X Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen X, Scholtens B (2018) The urge to act: a comparison of active and passive socially responsible investment funds in the United States. Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag 25(6):1154\u20131173","journal-title":"Corp Soc Responsib Environ Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"605_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2014.2322602","volume":"45","author":"R Cheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheng R, Jin Y (2014) A competitive swarm optimizer for large scale optimization. IEEE Trans Cybern 45(2):191\u2013204","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybern"},{"key":"605_CR13","unstructured":"Cont R, Heidari M (2014) Optimal rounding under integer constraints. arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.00014"},{"issue":"01","key":"605_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2140007","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218213021400078","volume":"30","author":"C Dai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dai C, Che H, Leung MF (2021) A neurodynamic optimization approach for $$L_1$$ minimization with application to compressed image reconstruction. Int J Artif Intell Tools 30(01):2140007","journal-title":"Int J Artif Intell Tools"},{"issue":"1","key":"605_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2005.02.078","volume":"355","author":"C Dose","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dose C, Cincotti S (2005) Clustering of financial time series with application to index and enhanced index tracking portfolio. Phys A 355(1):145\u2013151","journal-title":"Phys A"},{"key":"605_CR16","volume-title":"Modern portfolio theory and investment analysis","author":"EJ Elton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Elton EJ, Gruber MJ, Brown SJ, Goetzmann WN (2009) Modern portfolio theory and investment analysis. Wiley, New York"},{"issue":"1","key":"605_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.27.1.1","volume":"27","author":"ML Fisher","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fisher ML (1981) The Lagrangian relaxation method for solving integer programming problems. Manag Sci 27(1):1\u201318","journal-title":"Manag Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"605_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.15.2.10","volume":"15","author":"ML Fisher","year":"1985","unstructured":"Fisher ML (1985) An applications oriented guide to Lagrangian relaxation. Interfaces 15(2):10\u201321","journal-title":"Interfaces"},{"issue":"1","key":"605_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/15427560.2015.1095754","volume":"17","author":"FD Foster","year":"2016","unstructured":"Foster FD, Warren GJ (2016) Interviews with institutional investors: the how and why of active investing. J Behav Financ 17(1):60\u201384","journal-title":"J Behav Financ"},{"issue":"8","key":"605_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-017-2882-2","volume":"30","author":"F Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda F, Guijarro F, Oliver J (2018) Index tracking optimization with cardinality constraint: a performance comparison of genetic algorithms and tabu search heuristics. Neural Comput Appl 30(8):2625\u20132641","journal-title":"Neural Comput Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"605_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10203-017-0191-y","volume":"40","author":"M Giuzio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giuzio M (2017) Genetic algorithm versus classical methods in sparse index tracking. Decis Econ Financ 40(1):243\u2013256","journal-title":"Decis Econ Financ"},{"issue":"1","key":"605_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-019-00126-2","volume":"6","author":"C He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He C, Tian Y, Wang H, Jin Y (2020) A repository of real-world datasets for data-driven evolutionary multiobjective optimization. Complex Intell Syst 6(1):189\u2013197","journal-title":"Complex Intell Syst"},{"key":"605_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higashi N, Iba H (2003) Particle swarm optimization with Gaussian mutation. In: Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE swarm intelligence symposium. SIS\u201903 (Cat. No. 03EX706). IEEE, pp 72\u201379","DOI":"10.1109\/SIS.2003.1202250"},{"issue":"1","key":"605_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0792-66","volume":"267","author":"JH Holland","year":"1992","unstructured":"Holland JH (1992) Genetic algorithms. Sci Am 267(1):66\u201373","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"605_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horn RA (1990) The hadamard product. In: Proceedings of the symposium of applied mathematics, vol 40, pp 87\u2013169","DOI":"10.1090\/psapm\/040\/1059485"},{"key":"605_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudson R (2010) Comparing security returns is harder than you think: problems with logarithmic returns. Available at SSRN 1549328","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1549328"},{"key":"605_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2014.10.008","volume":"38","author":"RS Hudson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hudson RS, Gregoriou A (2015) Calculating and comparing security returns is harder than you think: a comparison between logarithmic and simple returns. Int Rev Financ Anal 38:151\u2013162","journal-title":"Int Rev Financ Anal"},{"key":"605_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy J, Eberhart R (1995) Particle swarm optimization. In: Proceedings of ICNN\u201995-international conference on neural networks, vol 4. IEEE, pp 1942\u20131948","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1995.488968"},{"issue":"3","key":"605_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/imaman\/4.3.279","volume":"4","author":"JW Kwiatkowski","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kwiatkowski JW (1992) Algorithms for index tracking. IMA J Manag Math 4(3):279\u2013299","journal-title":"IMA J Manag Math"},{"issue":"1","key":"605_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3905\/jpm.1998.409656","volume":"25","author":"GA Larsen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Larsen GA, Resnick BG (1998) Empirical insights on indexing: how capitalization, stratification and weighting can affect tracking error. J Portf Manag 25(1):51","journal-title":"J Portf Manag"},{"issue":"11","key":"605_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5738","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2018.2806481","volume":"29","author":"MF Leung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leung MF, Wang J (2018) A collaborative neurodynamic approach to multiobjective optimization. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 29(11):5738\u20135748","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"605_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung MF, Wang J (2019) A collaborative neurodynamic optimization approach to bicriteria portfolio selection. In: Advances in neural networks\u2014ISNN 2019. Lecture notes in computer science. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 318\u2013327","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22796-8_34"},{"key":"605_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2021.10.007","volume":"145","author":"MF Leung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leung MF, Wang J (2021) Cardinality-constrained portfolio selection based on collaborative neurodynamic optimization. Neural Netw 145:68\u201379","journal-title":"Neural Netw"},{"issue":"7","key":"605_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2019.2957105","volume":"32","author":"MF Leung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leung MF, Wang J (2021) Minimax and biobjective portfolio selection based on collaborative neurodynamic optimization. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 32(7):2825\u20132836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNNLS.2019.2957105","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"605_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung MF, Wang J (2021) A two-timescale neurodynamic approach to minimax portfolio optimization. In: 2021 11th international conference on information science and technology (ICIST). IEEE, pp 438\u2013443","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIST52614.2021.9440640"},{"key":"605_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2021.3088884","author":"MF Leung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leung MF, Wang J, Li D (2021) Decentralized robust portfolio optimization based on cooperative-competitive multiagent systems. IEEE Trans Cybern. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCYB.2021.3088884","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybern"},{"issue":"5","key":"605_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.11.001","volume":"38","author":"Q Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li Q, Sun L, Bao L (2011) Enhanced index tracking based on multi-objective immune algorithm. Expert Syst Appl 38(5):6101\u20136106","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"3","key":"605_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3934\/jimo.2014.10.905","volume":"10","author":"Y Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li Y, Yang X, Zhu S, Li DH (2014) A hybrid approach for index tracking with practical constraints. J Ind Manag Optim 10(3):905","journal-title":"J Ind Manag Optim"},{"issue":"1","key":"605_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-020-00195-8","volume":"7","author":"L Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin L, Wu C, Ma L (2021) A genetic algorithm for the fuzzy shortest path problem in a fuzzy network. Complex Intell Syst 7(1):225\u2013234","journal-title":"Complex Intell Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"605_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-036X.00205","volume":"9","author":"BG Malkiel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Malkiel BG (2003) Passive investment strategies and efficient markets. Eur Financ Manag 9(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"Eur Financ Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"605_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6261.1970.tb00518.x","volume":"25","author":"BG Malkiel","year":"1970","unstructured":"Malkiel BG, Fama EF (1970) Efficient capital markets: a review of theory and empirical work. J Financ 25(2):383\u2013417","journal-title":"J Financ"},{"key":"605_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Markowitz H (1952) Portfolio Selection. J. Financ 7(1):77\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2975974","DOI":"10.2307\/2975974"},{"issue":"1","key":"605_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11590-012-0534-0","volume":"8","author":"H Mezali","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mezali H, Beasley J (2012) Index tracking with fixed and variable transaction costs. Optim Lett 8(1):61\u201380","journal-title":"Optim Lett"},{"key":"605_CR44","first-page":"6","volume":"3","author":"E Million","year":"2007","unstructured":"Million E (2007) The hadamard product. Course. Notes 3:6","journal-title":"Notes"},{"key":"605_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2017.09.002","volume":"90","author":"P Mutunge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mutunge P, Haugland D (2018) Minimizing the tracking error of cardinality constrained portfolios. Comput Oper Res 90:33\u201341","journal-title":"Comput Oper Res"},{"key":"605_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni H, Wang Y (2013) Stock index tracking by Pareto efficient genetic algorithm. Appl Soft Comput 13(12):4519\u20134535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2013.08.012"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"605_CR47","first-page":"62","volume":"55","author":"TE Nisonger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nisonger TE (2008) The \u201c80\/20 rule\u2019\u2019 and core journals. Ser Libr 55(1\u20132):62\u201384","journal-title":"Ser Libr"},{"key":"605_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osman IH, Laporte G (1996) Metaheuristics: a bibliography","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02125421"},{"issue":"3","key":"605_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-021-00294-0","volume":"7","author":"AC Pandey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pandey AC, Tikkiwal VA (2021) Stance detection using improved whale optimization algorithm. Complex Intell Syst 7(3):1649\u20131672","journal-title":"Complex Intell Syst"},{"key":"605_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panna M (2017) Note on simple and logarithmic return. In: APSTRACT: applied studies in agribusiness and commerce, vol 11(1033-2017-2935), pp 127\u2013136","DOI":"10.19041\/APSTRACT\/2017\/1-2\/16"},{"issue":"1","key":"605_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/asmb.2483","volume":"36","author":"D Puelz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Puelz D, Hahn PR, Carvalho CM (2020) Portfolio selection for individual passive investing. Appl Stoch Model Bus Ind 36(1):124\u2013142","journal-title":"Appl Stoch Model Bus Ind"},{"key":"605_CR52","volume-title":"Index tracking: genetic algorithms for investment portfolio selection report. EPCC-SS92-24","author":"J Shapcott","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shapcott J (1992) Index tracking: genetic algorithms for investment portfolio selection report. EPCC-SS92-24. Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh"},{"key":"605_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen C, Zhang K (2021) Two-stage improved grey wolf optimization algorithm for feature selection on high-dimensional classification. In: Complex and intelligent systems, pp 1\u201321","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-021-00452-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"605_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2469\/faj.v54.n5.2209","volume":"54","author":"EH Sorensen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sorensen EH, Miller KL, Samak V (1998) Allocating between active and passive management. Financ Anal J 54(5):18\u201331","journal-title":"Financ Anal J"},{"key":"605_CR55","first-page":"960","volume":"62","author":"K S\u00f6rensen","year":"2013","unstructured":"S\u00f6rensen K, Glover F (2013) Metaheuristics. Encycl Oper Res Manag Sci 62:960\u2013970","journal-title":"Encycl Oper Res Manag Sci"},{"key":"605_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorensen K, Sevaux M, Glover F (2017) A history of metaheuristics. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.00853","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07124-4_4"},{"key":"605_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stacey A, Jancic M, Grundy I (2003) Particle swarm optimization with mutation. In: The 2003 congress on evolutionary computation, 2003. CEC\u201903, vol 2, pp 1425\u20131430. IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2003.1299838"},{"issue":"4","key":"605_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008202821328","volume":"11","author":"R Storn","year":"1997","unstructured":"Storn R, Price K (1997) Differential evolution\u2014a simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces. J Glob Optim 11(4):341\u2013359","journal-title":"J Glob Optim"},{"key":"605_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor R (1990) Interpretation of the correlation coefficient: a basic review. J Diagn Med Sonography 6(1):35\u201339","DOI":"10.1177\/875647939000600106"},{"issue":"3","key":"605_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-020-00159-y","volume":"6","author":"AN \u00dcnal","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00dcnal AN, Kayakutlu G (2020) Multi-objective particle swarm optimization with random immigrants. Complex Intell Syst 6(3):635\u2013650","journal-title":"Complex Intell Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"605_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jam.2240084","volume":"3","author":"P Woolley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Woolley P, Bird R (2003) Economic implications of passive investing. J Asset Manag 3(4):303\u2013312","journal-title":"J Asset Manag"},{"key":"605_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu CC, Azzouz A, Chen JY, Xu J, Shen WL, Lu L, Said LB, Lin WC (2021) A two-agent one-machine multitasking scheduling problem solving by exact and metaheuristics. In: Complex and intelligent systems, pp 1\u201314","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-021-00355-4"},{"key":"605_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012111","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1828\/1\/012111","volume":"1828","author":"MC Yuen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuen MC, Ng SC, Leung MF (2021) Metaheuristics for sparse index-tracking problem: a case study on ftse 100. J Phys Conf Ser 1828:012111 (IOP Publishing)","journal-title":"J Phys Conf Ser"},{"issue":"1","key":"605_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-020-00212-w","volume":"7","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Lu J, Jin Y (2021) Artificial intelligence in recommender systems. Complex Intell Syst 7(1):439\u2013457","journal-title":"Complex Intell Syst"},{"key":"605_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Chen B, Hospedales TM, Yang Y (2020) Index tracking with cardinality constraints: A stochastic neural networks approach. In: Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence, vol 34, pp 1242\u20131249","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i01.5478"},{"key":"605_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Huang J, Shi J, Wang R, Huang K (2021) The electric vehicle routing problem with partial recharge and vehicle recycling. In: Complex and intelligent systems, pp 1\u201314","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-021-00291-3"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-022-00918-z","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000}}],"container-title":["Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00605-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00605-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00605-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T19:48:21Z","timestamp":1726343301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00605-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-021-00605-5","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s40747-022-00918-z","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2199-4536","2198-6053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2199-4536","type":"print"},{"value":"2198-6053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2022","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-022-00918-z","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-022-00918-z","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"On behalf of all the authors, the corresponding author states that there are no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}