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Second, the <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>-number-based best\u2013worst method is used to determine the weights of the risk factors based on the failure mode and effects analysis results. Then, a <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>-number-based weighted aggregated sum product Assessment is utilized to calculate the degree of risk of the failure modes and the priorities for improvement. The results of this study determine the top three ranking failure modes, which are personal readiness from pre-conditions for unsafe behavior, human resources from organizational influence, and driver decision-making error from unsafe behavior. Finally, data for inter-city buses in Taiwan in a case study to illustrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed model. In addition, some management implications are provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-022-00657-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T07:02:51Z","timestamp":1644303771000},"page":"2451-2470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A hybrid model integrating FMEA and HFACS to assess the risk of inter-city bus accidents"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"James J. H.","family":"Liou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Perry C. 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