{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T09:05:46Z","timestamp":1771923946929,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC3001303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC3001303"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52074066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52074066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N180104018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N180104018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Complex Intell. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mental load affects the work efficiency and mental health of operators, and it has a vital effect on the efficiency and reliability of human\u2013machine systems. In this study, the evaluation index system of operators\u2019 mental load was used to quantitatively evaluate the mental load state of workers. The system was established by selecting indices from the operators\u2019 physiological parameters, subjective feelings, and time perception. We propose an extended cloud evaluation model of mental load states that combines cloud model (CM) theory with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and provides mental load levels. An energetic material initiation experiment was conducted to evaluate the mental load state of the operators using the proposed method, and the results of a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and subjective questionnaire were used to verify the performance of the method. The results show that the extended CM evaluation method scientifically and reliably quantified the mental load state. Applying the AHP-TOPSIS integration extended with the CM theory evaluation method in mental load state evaluation provides a new scientific method for studying the quantification of the mental load state and occupational health of workers in hazardous environments. The results of this study are a reference for assessing the mental state of personnel and analyzing occupational suitability for dangerous posts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-023-00994-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T04:27:23Z","timestamp":1679545643000},"page":"5501-5525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Quantification study of mental load state based on AHP\u2013TOPSIS integration extended with cloud model: methodological and experimental research"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tengteng","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Huiyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kaili","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"994_CR1","volume":"260","author":"J Tao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tao J, Qiu D-Y, Yang F-Q, Duan Z-P (2020) A bibliometric analysis of human reliability research. J Clean Prod 260","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"994_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.107866","volume":"215","author":"M Catelani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Catelani M, Ciani L, Guidi G, Patrizi G (2021) An enhanced sherpa (e-sherpa) method for human reliability analysis in railway engineering. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 215","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"994_CR3","volume":"133","author":"R Hamer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamer R, Waterson P, Jun GT (2020) Human factors and nuclear safety since 1970\u2014a critical review of the past, present and future. Saf Sci 133","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"994_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X288394","volume":"50","author":"CD Wickensc","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wickensc CD (2008) Multiple resources and mental workload. Hum Factors 50(3):449\u2013455","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"994_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.07.040","volume":"64","author":"GG Da La Torre","year":"2016","unstructured":"Da La Torre GG, Ramallo MA, Cervantes E (2016) Workload percetion in drone flight training simulators. Comput Hum Behav 64:449\u2013454","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"994_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jairtraman.2020.101934","volume":"89","author":"K D\u00f6nmez","year":"2020","unstructured":"D\u00f6nmez K, Demirel S, Zdemir M (2020) Handling the pseudo pilot assignment problem in air traffic control training by using NASA-TLX. J Air Transp Manag 89:101934","journal-title":"J Air Transp Manag"},{"key":"994_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2018.1471159","volume":"62","author":"H Mansikka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mansikka H, Virtanen K, Harris D (2019) Comparison of NASA\u2013TLX scale, modified Cooper-Harper scale and mean inter\u2013beat interval as measures of pilot mental workload during simulated flight tasks. Ergonomics 62:246\u2013254","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"994_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(02)00155-X","volume":"142","author":"BS Moon","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moon BS, Lee HC, Lee YH, Park JC, Oh IS, Lee JW (2002) Fuzzy systems to process ECG and EEG signals for quantification of the mental workload. Inf Sci 142(1\u20134):23\u201335","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"994_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugimoto I, Kitamura K, Murai K, Wang Y, Jie W (2016) Study on relation between operator and trainee\u2019s mental workload for ship maneuvering simulator exercise using heart rate variability. In Proc IEEE Int Conf Systems Man Cybern, p. 000768\u201372","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2016.7844334"},{"issue":"5","key":"994_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/001401398186775","volume":"41","author":"P Richter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Richter P, Wagner T, Heger R, Weise G (1998) Psychophysiological analysis of mental load during driving on rural roads-a quasi-experimental field study. Ergonomics 41(5):593\u2013609","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"994_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2012.676538","volume":"29","author":"M Hertzum","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hertzum M, Holmegaard KD (2013) Perceived time as a measure of mental workload: effects of time constraints and task success. Int J Hum-Comput Interact 29(1):26\u201339","journal-title":"Int J Hum-Comput Interact"},{"key":"994_CR12","volume":"77","author":"T-T Hao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hao T-T, Zheng X, Wang H-Y, Xu K-L, Chen S-K (2022) Linear and nonlinear analyses of heart rate variability signals under mental load. Biomed Signal Process Control 77","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"key":"994_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.12.063","volume":"150","author":"G-Z Zheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zheng G-Z, Li K, Bu W-T, Wang Y-J (2019) Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of human physiological state in indoor high temperature environments. Build Environ 150:108\u2013118","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"994_CR14","first-page":"55","volume":"06","author":"G-X Jing","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jing G-X, Zhang Y-Q, Zhang J-B (2006) Comprehensive evaluation of human fatigue based on multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Chin J Saf Sci 06:55-59+146","journal-title":"Chin J Saf Sci"},{"key":"994_CR15","volume":"146","author":"B Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li B, Wang E-Y, Shang Z, Xu G, Ali M, Wang H, Wu Q, Niu Y (2022) Quantification study of working fatigue state affected by coal mine noise exposure based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Saf Sci 146","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"994_CR16","first-page":"69","volume":"41","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Deng G-S (2015) Research on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for safety psychological characteristics of coalmine workers. Ind Saf Environ Protect 41:69\u201372","journal-title":"Ind Saf Environ Protect"},{"key":"994_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2016.06.003","volume":"367","author":"Y-C Dong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dong Y-C, Li C-C, Herrera F (2016) Connecting the linguistic hierarchy and the numerical scale for the 2-tuple linguistic model and its use to deal with hesitant unbalanced linguistic information. Inf Sci 367:259\u2013278","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"994_CR18","volume":"215","author":"S-Y Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie S-Y, Dong S-H, Chen Y-N, Peng Y-J, Li X-C (2021) A novel risk evaluation method for fire and explosion accidents in oil depots using bow-tie analysis and risk matrix analysis method based on cloud model theory. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 215","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"11","key":"994_CR19","first-page":"1583","volume":"15","author":"D-Y Li","year":"2004","unstructured":"Li D-Y, Liu C-Y, Du Y, Han X (2004) Artificial intelligence with uncertainty. J Softw 15(11):1583\u20131594","journal-title":"J Softw"},{"key":"994_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.324","volume":"210","author":"C-Q Cui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cui C-Q (2019) China\u2019s regional sustainability assessment on mineral resources: results from an improved analytic hierarchy process-based normal cloud model. J Clean Prod 210:105\u2013120","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"994_CR21","volume":"110","author":"H-Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang H-Y (2020) Uncertainty analysis of impact factors of eco-environmental vulnerability based on cloud theory. Ecol Indic 110","journal-title":"Ecol Indic"},{"key":"994_CR22","volume":"746","author":"B Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo B, Zang W-Q, Yang X, Huang X-Z, Zhang R, Wu H-W, Yang L-A, Wang Z, Sun G-Q, Zhang Y (2020) Improved evaluation method of the soil wind erosion intensity based on the cloud\u2013AHP model under the stress of global climate change. Sci Total Environ 746","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"994_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/int.20340","volume":"24","author":"D-Y Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li D-Y, Liu C-Y, Gan W-Y (2009) A new cognitive model: cloud model. Int J Intell Syst 24(3):357\u2013375","journal-title":"Int J Intell Syst"},{"issue":"6","key":"994_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-013-0507-3","volume":"47","author":"Z-B Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu Z-B, Shao J-F, Xu W-Y, Xu F (2014) Comprehensive stability evaluation of rock slope using the cloud model-based approach. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47(6):2239\u20132252","journal-title":"Rock Mech Rock Eng"},{"key":"994_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2019.04.013","volume":"60","author":"F Yan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yan F, Xu K-L (2019) Methodology and case study of quantitative preliminary hazard analysis based on cloud model. J Loss Prev Process Ind 60:116\u2013124","journal-title":"J Loss Prev Process Ind"},{"key":"994_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.02.130","volume":"274","author":"J-Q Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang J-Q, Peng L, Zhang H-Y, Chen X-H (2014) Method of multi-criteria group decision-making based on cloud aggregation operators with linguistic information. Inf Sci 274:177\u2013191","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"994_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2012.02.069","volume":"17","author":"L-L Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li L-L, Liu L-X, Yang C-W, Li Z-G (2012) The comprehensive evaluation of smart distribution grid based on cloud model. Energy Procedia 17:96\u2013102","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"994_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-022-02316-w","author":"T-T Hao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hao T-T, Zheng X, Wang H-Y, Xu K-L, Yu Y-W (2022) Development of a method for weight determination of disaster-causing factors and quantitative risk assessment for tailings dams based on causal coupling relationships. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00477-022-02316-w","journal-title":"Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess"},{"key":"994_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1002\/qre.2848","volume":"37","author":"J-S Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li J-S, Xu K-L (2021) A combined fuzzy DEMATEL and cloud model approach for risk assessment in process industries to improve system reliability. Qual Reliab Eng Int 37:2110\u20132133","journal-title":"Qual Reliab Eng Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"994_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0898-1221(97)00282-4","volume":"35","author":"D-Y Li","year":"1998","unstructured":"Li D-Y, Cheung D, Shi X-M, Ng V (1998) Uncertainty reasoning based on cloud models in controllers. Comput Math Appl 35(3):99\u2013123","journal-title":"Comput Math Appl"},{"key":"994_CR31","unstructured":"Luo S, Zhang B-M, Guo H-T (2008) A quality comprehensive evaluation model of image map based on cloud model. Sci Surv Mapp (03):44\u201346"},{"issue":"8","key":"994_CR32","first-page":"1185","volume":"27","author":"J-Q Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang J-Q, Liu T (2012) Uncertain linguistic multi-criteria group decision-making approach based on integrated cloud. Control Decis 27(8):1185\u20131190","journal-title":"Control Decis"},{"key":"994_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2012.08.019","volume":"222","author":"X-J Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang X-J, Yan L-L, Zeng L (2013) How to handle uncertainties in AHP: the Cloud Delphi hierarchical analysis. Inf Sci 222:384\u2013404","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"994_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2017.09.017","volume":"169","author":"S Carpitella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carpitella S (2018) A combined multi-criteria approach to support FMECA analyses: a real-world case. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 169:394\u2013402","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"994_CR35","volume":"67","author":"S-Y Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie S-Y (2020) Risk assessment of an oil depot using the improved multi-sensor fusion approach based on the cloud model and the belief Jensen-Shannon divergence. J Loss Prev Process Ind 67","journal-title":"J Loss Prev Process Ind"},{"key":"994_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-018-0087-7","volume":"5","author":"MF Ak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ak MF, Gul M (2019) AHP\u2013TOPSIS integration extended with Pythagorean fuzzy sets for information security risk analysis. Complex Intell Syst 5:113\u2013126","journal-title":"Complex Intell Syst"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"994_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.06.116","volume":"183","author":"VR Renjith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Renjith VR, Madhu G, Nayagam VLG, Bhasi AB (2010) Two-dimensional fuzzy fault tree analysis for chlorine release from a chlor-alkali industry using expert elicitation. J Hazard Mater 183(1\u20133):103\u2013110","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"S1","key":"994_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-209008","volume":"28","author":"X-L Fan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan X-L, Zhao C-Y, Zhang X, Luo H, Zhang W (2020) Assessment of mental workload based on multi-physiological signals. Technol Health Case 28(S1):67\u201380","journal-title":"Technol Health Case"},{"key":"994_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9","volume":"52","author":"SG Harts","year":"1988","unstructured":"Harts SG, Staveland LE (1988) Development of NASA\u2013TLX (task load index): results of empirical and theoretical research. Adv Psychol 52:139\u2013183","journal-title":"Adv Psychol"},{"key":"994_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62391-2","volume":"52","author":"N Meshkati","year":"1988","unstructured":"Meshkati N, Loewenthal A (1988) An eclectic and critical review of four primary mental workload assessment methods: a guide for developing a comprehensive model. Adv Psychol 52:251\u2013267","journal-title":"Adv Psychol"},{"key":"994_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62387-0","volume":"52","author":"GB Reid","year":"1988","unstructured":"Reid GB, Nygren TE (1988) The subjective workload assessment technique: a scaling procedure for measuring mental workload. Adv Psychol 52:185\u2013218","journal-title":"Adv Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"994_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2010.03.006","volume":"134","author":"RA Block","year":"2010","unstructured":"Block RA, Hancock PA, Dan Z (2010) How cognitive load affects duration judgments: a meta\u2013analytic review. Acta Psychol 134(3):330\u2013343","journal-title":"Acta Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"994_CR43","volume":"80","author":"H-Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang H-Y, Zheng X, Hao T-T, Yu Y-W, Xu K-L, Wang Y-C (2022) Research on mental load state recognition based on combined information sources. Biomed Signal Process Control 80(2)","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"issue":"30","key":"994_CR44","first-page":"79","volume":"15","author":"H-B Jin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jin H-B, Chen J, Liu W-H (2015) Application progress of eye movement indices in real-time measurement of mental load. Sci Technol Engine 15(30):79\u201385","journal-title":"Sci Technol Engine"},{"key":"994_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","volume":"5","author":"F Shaffer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shaffer F, Ginsberg JP (2017) An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms. Front Public Health 5:2296\u20132565","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"994_CR46","first-page":"1056677","volume":"196","author":"S-K Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen S-K, Xu K-L, Zheng X, Li J-S, Fan B-J, Yao X-W, Li Z-G (2020) Linear and nonlinear analyses of normal and fatigue heart rate variability signals for miners in high\u2013altitude and cold areas. Comput Meth Programs Biomed 196:1056677","journal-title":"Comput Meth Programs Biomed"}],"container-title":["Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40747-023-00994-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40747-023-00994-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40747-023-00994-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T12:50:04Z","timestamp":1702126204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40747-023-00994-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-023-00994-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2199-4536","2198-6053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2199-4536","type":"print"},{"value":"2198-6053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Northeastern University Hospital. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects after a detailed explanation of the study objectives and protocol for each subject. All subjects provided written informed consent before being monitored.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}