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Moreover, to speed up the evaluation of the generated airfoils, a series of accurate and efficient data-driven predictors are utilized. The efficacy of the EvoGD approach was demonstrated through experiments on a dataset of 501 supercritical airfoils, including one baseline design and 500 randomly perturbed airfoils. On average, the generated airfoils showed improved performance in terms of buffet lift coefficient, cruise lift-to-drag ratio, and thickness by 5%, 4%, and 1%, respectively. The best generated airfoil outperformed the baseline design in terms of critical buffet lift coefficient and cruise lift-to-drag ratio by 7.1% and 6.4%, respectively. The entire design process was completed in less than an hour on a personal computer, highlighting the high efficiency and scalability of the EvoGD approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-023-01214-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T03:21:57Z","timestamp":1692760917000},"page":"1167-1183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evolutionary generative design of supercritical airfoils: an automated approach driven by small data"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kebin","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Weituo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9410-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ran","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hairun","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1214_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10483-011-1497-x","volume":"32","author":"YY Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang YY, Zhang BQ, Chen YC (2011) Robust airfoil optimization based on improved particle swarm optimization method. 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