{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T04:07:20Z","timestamp":1763179640589,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62103190","72301137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62103190","72301137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Complex Intell. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-025-01977-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T04:37:44Z","timestamp":1750135064000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evolutionary game decision-making method for high dynamic UAV swarm attack-defense considering uncertain factor influences"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mengchu","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2110-4621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaohua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Linyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Meiji","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1977_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000210","volume":"35","author":"WJ Xiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiao WJ, Li M, Alzahrani B, Alotaibi R, Barnawi A et al (2021) A blockchain-based secure crowd monitoring system using UAV swarm. IEEE Netw 35(1):108\u2013115","journal-title":"IEEE Netw"},{"key":"1977_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109368","volume":"237","author":"HX Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li HX, Sun Q, Zhong YF, Huang ZW, Zhang YC (2023) A soft resource optimization method for improving the resilience of UAV swarms under continuous attack. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 237:109368","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"6","key":"1977_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2024.03.030","volume":"37","author":"GZ Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen GZ, Wu TF, Yang F, Wang TJ, Song J, Han Z et al (2024) MADRL-based UAV swarm non-cooperative game under incomplete information. Chin J Aeronaut 37(6):293\u2013306","journal-title":"Chin J Aeronaut"},{"issue":"5","key":"1977_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2019.1800449","volume":"29","author":"ER Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang ER, Liu F, Hong C, Guo J, Zhao L, Xue J et al (2022) Ultraviolet-Based UAV Swarm Communications: Potentials and Challenges. IEEE Wireless Commun 29(5):84\u201390","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"1977_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3041800","volume":"20","author":"B Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang B, Taleb T, Shen Y, Jiang XH, Yang WD (2021) Performance, fairness, and tradeoff in UAV swarm underlaid mmWave cellular networks with directional antennas. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun 20(4):2383\u20132397","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Wireless Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"1977_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5200","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2021.3111746","volume":"16","author":"RZ Dong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dong RZ, Wang BH, Cao KR, Cheng TH (2022) Securing transmission for UAV swarm-enabled communication network. IEEE Syst J 16(4):5200\u20135211","journal-title":"IEEE Syst J"},{"issue":"10","key":"1977_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1177\/01423312231225782","volume":"46","author":"Y Tao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tao Y, Tao H, Zhuang Z, Stojanovic V, Paszke W (2024) Quantized iterative learning control of communication-constrained systems with encoding and decoding mechanism. Trans Inst Meas Control 46(10):1943\u20131954","journal-title":"Trans Inst Meas Control"},{"issue":"8","key":"1977_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574724000997","volume":"42","author":"L Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen L, Jin Z, Shao K, Wang G, He S, Stojanovic V et al (2024) Adaptive integral terminal sliding mode control of unmanned bicycle via ELM and barrier function. Robotica 42(8):2635\u20132657","journal-title":"Robotica"},{"key":"1977_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.107832","volume":"131","author":"X Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song X, Wu C, Song S, Stojanovic V, Tejado I (2024) Fuzzy wavelet neural adaptive finite-time self-triggered fault-tolerant control for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle with scheduled performance. Eng Appl Artif Intell 131:107832","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"issue":"8","key":"1977_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3857","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2024.3371492","volume":"71","author":"Z Du","year":"2024","unstructured":"Du Z, Xie X, Qu Z, Hu Y, Stojanovic V (2024) Dynamic event-triggered consensus control for interval type-2 fuzzy multi-agent systems. IEEE Trans Circuits Sys 71(8):3857\u20133866","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Circuits Sys"},{"key":"1977_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119146","volume":"215","author":"E Azad-Farsani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azad-Farsani E, Sardou IG, Abedini S (2021) Distribution Network Reconfiguration based on LMP at DG connected busses using game theory and self-adaptive FWA. Energy 215:119146","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"7","key":"1977_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa046","volume":"7","author":"C Ming","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ming C (2020) Merging game theory and control theory in the era of AI and autonomy. Natl Sci Rev 7(7):1122\u20131124","journal-title":"Natl Sci Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1977_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2015.7032901","volume":"2","author":"IB Duan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duan IB, Li P, Yu YX (2015) A predator-prey particle swarm optmizaton approach to multiple UCAV air combat modeled by dynamic game theory. IEEE\/CAA J Autom Sin 2(1):11\u201318","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J Autom Sin"},{"issue":"5","key":"1977_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-021-1951-9","volume":"65","author":"YP Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu YP, Liu JC, Wei C (2022) Hawk and pigeon\u2019s intelligence for UAV swarm dynamic combat game via competitive learning pigeon-inspired optimization. Sci China Technol Sci 65(5):1072\u20131086","journal-title":"Sci China Technol Sci"},{"key":"1977_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexopoulos A and Badreddin E. Decomposition of multiplayer games on the example of pursuit-evasion games with unmanned aerial vehicles. In: Proc Am Control Conf, 2016. Boston.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2016.7525503"},{"issue":"2","key":"1977_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-022-00873-9","volume":"9","author":"S Deng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deng S, Zhou D, Wu G et al (2023) Evolutionary game analysis of three parties in logistics platforms and freight transportation companies\u2019 behavioral strategies for horizontal collaboration considering vehicle capacity utilization. Complex Intell Syst 9(2):1617\u20131637","journal-title":"Complex Intell Syst"},{"key":"1977_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2023.104494","author":"P Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang P, Fang D, Cao GCQ (2023) Does information sharing affect the regulation of street vending: An analysis based on the dynamic tripartite evolutionary game in social networks. Cities. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cities.2023.104494","journal-title":"Cities"},{"issue":"1","key":"1977_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-023-01172-7","volume":"10","author":"Y Dong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dong Y, Liu X, Li T et al (2024) Evolutionary game dynamics of multi-agent systems using local information considering hide right. Complex Intell Syst 10(1):917\u2013925","journal-title":"Complex Intell Syst"},{"key":"1977_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.106535","volume":"124","author":"JR Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen JR, Zhu TT, Zha QL, Wang ZH (2023) Delayed evolutionary game clustering-based recommendation algorithm via latent information and user preference. Eng Appl Artif Intell 124:106535","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"issue":"3","key":"1977_CR20","first-page":"2332","volume":"42","author":"L Sheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sheng L, Shi M, Qi Y, Li H, Pang M (2023) Dynamic offense and defense of UAV swarm based on situation evolution game. Syst Eng Electron 42(3):2332\u20132342","journal-title":"Syst Eng Electron"},{"issue":"3","key":"1977_CR21","first-page":"99","volume":"39","author":"WX Geng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geng WX, Kong FE, Ma DQ (2014) Tactical decision-making of UAV for long-range air combat based on fuzzy Bayesian network. Fire Ctrl & Cmnd Ctrl 39(3):99\u2013103","journal-title":"Fire Ctrl & Cmnd Ctrl"},{"issue":"5","key":"1977_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7183","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2023.3288077","volume":"59","author":"W Xia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xia W, Zhou ZY, Jiang WY, Zhang YH (2024) Dynamic UAV swarm confrontation: an imitation based on mobile adaptive networks. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 59(5):7183\u20137202","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst"},{"issue":"6","key":"1977_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9562","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2023.3323441","volume":"59","author":"TX Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang TX, Wang YH, Ma ZJ, Kong LJ (2023) Task assignment in UAV-enabled front jammer swarm: a coalition formation game Approach. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 59(6):9562\u20139575","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"1977_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4518","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2024.3382627","volume":"60","author":"LD Wen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wen LD, Zhen ZY, Tao CG, Ding J (2024) Distributed cooperative strategy of UAV swarm without speed measurement under saturation attack mission. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 60(4):4518\u20134529","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"1977_CR25","first-page":"15","volume":"41","author":"ZG Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang ZG, Zhang Y, Li ZQ (2021) Expert system optimization method based on tempting maneuver algorithm. Aircraft Des 41(4):15\u201319","journal-title":"Aircraft Des"},{"issue":"2","key":"1977_CR26","first-page":"96","volume":"218","author":"JH Hua","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hua JH, Sun X, Chen XD, Wang JB (2023) Research on threat assessment technology of aerial combat targets based on group analysis. Tact Miss Technol 218(2):96\u2013104","journal-title":"Tact Miss Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1977_CR27","first-page":"42","volume":"38","author":"X Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang X, Wang WJ, Song KP, Wang MW (2019) UAV air combat decision based on evolutionary expert system tree. Ord Ind Autom 38(1):42\u201347","journal-title":"Ord Ind Autom"},{"issue":"6","key":"1977_CR28","first-page":"1984","volume":"44","author":"ML Tan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tan ML, Ding DL, Xie L, Ding W, Lv CH (2022) UCAV escape maneuvering decision based on fuzzy expert system and IDE algorithm. Syst Eng Electron 44(6):1984\u20131993","journal-title":"Syst Eng Electron"},{"issue":"8","key":"1977_CR29","first-page":"1613","volume":"41","author":"HP Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang HP, Huang CQ, Xuan YB, Tang SQ (2020) Maneuver decision of autonomous air combat of unmanned combat aerial vehicle based on deep neural network. Acta Armament 41(8):1613\u20131622","journal-title":"Acta Armament"},{"issue":"3","key":"1977_CR30","first-page":"228","volume":"40","author":"J Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang J, He Y, Peng YN, Li G (2019) Neural network and artificial potential field based cooperative and adversarial path planning. Acta Aeronaut Astronaut Sin 40(3):228\u2013238","journal-title":"Acta Aeronaut Astronaut Sin"},{"key":"1977_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2024.128510","volume":"609","author":"ZY Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan ZY, Li L, Shang J, Zhao H (2024) Periodic update rule with Q-learning promotes evolution of cooperation in transition with mechanism. Neurocomputing 609:128510","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"6","key":"1977_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2020.103371","volume":"58","author":"L Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang L, Schuetz CG, Cai DH (2020) Choosing Response strategies in social media crisis communication: an evolutionary game theory perspective-ScienceDirect. Inf & Manag 58(6):103371","journal-title":"Inf & Manag"},{"issue":"10","key":"1977_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11090","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3007566","volume":"69","author":"P Kumari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumari P, Gupta HP, Dutta T (2020) Estimation of time duration for using the allocated LoRa spreading factor: a game-theory approach. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(10):11090\u201311098","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1977_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7694","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2021.3050509","volume":"52","author":"CM Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li CM, Zhao H, Zhen SC, Chen YH (2022) Control design with optimization for fuzzy steering-by-wire system based on Nash game theory. IEEE Trans Cybern 52(8):7694\u20137703","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybern"},{"issue":"3","key":"1977_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3057161","volume":"70","author":"Q An","year":"2021","unstructured":"An Q, Cheng S, Li CF, Li L, Peng HN (2021) Game Theory-based control strategy for trajectory following of four-wheel independently actuated autonomous vehicles. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 70(3):2196\u20132208","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1977_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6320","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.2991242","volume":"22","author":"A Ji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ji A, Levinson D (2021) Estimating the social gap with a game theory model of lane changing. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 22(10):6320\u20136329","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"1977_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2024.04.011","volume":"37","author":"YF Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma YF, Zhang YZ, Huang PF, Liu Y, Zhang F (2024) Game theory based finite-time formation control using artificial potentials for tethered space net robot. Chin J Aeronaut 37(8):358\u2013372","journal-title":"Chin J Aeronaut"},{"issue":"4","key":"1977_CR38","first-page":"193","volume":"117","author":"A Dahiya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dahiya A, Gupta BB (2020) A reputation score policy and Bayesian game theory based incentivized mechanism for DDoS attacks mitigation and cyber defens. Futur Gener Comput Syst 117(4):193\u2013204","journal-title":"Futur Gener Comput Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"1977_CR39","first-page":"82","volume":"46","author":"J Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu J, Zhang HQ, Liu Y (2018) Research on optimal selection of moving target defense policy based on dynamic game with incomplete information. Acta Electron Sin 46(1):82\u201389","journal-title":"Acta Electron Sin"},{"key":"1977_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29806","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2841885","volume":"6","author":"H Hu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu H, Liu YL, Zhang HQ, Pan RX (2018) Optimal network defense strategy selection based on incomplete information evolutionary game. IEEE Access 6:29806\u201329821","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"1977_CR41","first-page":"512","volume":"43","author":"ZH Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen ZH, Cheng G (2020) Moving target defense technology using Stackelberg Markov asymmetrical trilateral game model. Chin J Comput 43(3):512\u2013525","journal-title":"Chin J Comput"},{"key":"1977_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2021.102342","author":"JL Tan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tan JL, Zhang HW, Zhang HQ, Lei C, Jin H, Li B et al (2020) Optimal timing selection approach to moving target defense: a flipit attack-defense game model. Secur Commun Netw. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cose.2021.102342","journal-title":"Secur Commun Netw"},{"issue":"6","key":"1977_CR43","first-page":"1503","volume":"46","author":"HW Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang HW, Huang JM (2018) Network defense strategy selection method based on Markov evolutionary game. Acta Electron Sin 46(6):1503\u20131509","journal-title":"Acta Electron Sin"},{"key":"1977_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106378","volume":"93","author":"SF Ghannadpour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghannadpour SF, Zandiyeh F (2020) A new game-theoretical multi-objective evolutionary approach for cash-in-transit vehicle routing problem with time windows (A real life Case). Appl Soft Comput 93:106378","journal-title":"Appl Soft Comput"},{"issue":"4","key":"1977_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2020.02.025","volume":"59","author":"HQ Yuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuan HQ, Bi Y, Fu HC, Lam A (2020) Stability analysis of supply chain in evolutionary game based on stability theory of nonlinear differential equation. Alex Eng J 59(4):2331\u20132337","journal-title":"Alex Eng J"},{"issue":"9","key":"1977_CR46","first-page":"2222","volume":"46","author":"JM Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang JM, Zhang HW (2018) A method for selecting defense strategies based on stochastic evolutionary game model. Acta Electron Sin 46(9):2222\u20132228","journal-title":"Acta Electron Sin"}],"container-title":["Complex & Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40747-025-01977-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40747-025-01977-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40747-025-01977-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T22:27:38Z","timestamp":1757197658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40747-025-01977-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40747-025-01977-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2199-4536","2198-6053"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2199-4536"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2198-6053"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that we have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}],"article-number":"345"}}