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Finally, comparative analyses with the standard particle swarm optimization algorithm and independent Q-learning demonstrate significant improvements: under the dual-market scenario, net profit increases by 89.9%, renewable energy utilization rises by 19.9%, and carbon emissions are reduced by 39.4%. These results indicate that combining dual-market participation with adaptive optimization provides a feasible and effective approach to enhancing both the economic and environmental performance of VPP operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-025-02176-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T15:07:49Z","timestamp":1767020869000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimal scheduling method of carbon-green certificate trading virtual power plant via Q-learning-enhanced particle swarm algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jiansheng","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinfu","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baoshi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhedong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2176_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.130400","volume":"336","author":"Q Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan Q, Zhang M, Lin H et al (2022) Two-stage adjustable robust optimal dispatching model for multi-energy virtual power plant considering multiple uncertainties and carbon trading [J]. 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