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A gate-based multi-level feature fusion module (GMFFM) enables multi-level feature interaction via an attention-based gating mechanism, improving global information propagation and compensating for the limited capacity of lightweight networks. Additionally, a region-constrained feature refinement module (RFRM) progressively refines multi-layer features to produce high-quality camouflage maps. Extensive experiments on four benchmark datasets demonstrate that ULCOD-Net, with only 2.5 million (M) parameters and 3.1 giga (G) computational complexity, achieves F-measure scores of 0.837, 0.758, 0.714, and 0.787 on CHAMELEON, CAMO, COD10K, and NC4K, respectively, outperforming existing lightweight COD models and even surpassing several state-of-the-art heavyweight methods. These results highlight ULCOD-Net\u2019s significant potential for real-time application in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-025-02201-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T16:02:31Z","timestamp":1765900951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ulcod-net: an ultra-lightweight camouflage object detection framework with gated multi-level feature fusion and dual-constraint refinement"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"He","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fugui","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2201_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6024","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3085766","volume":"44","author":"DP Fan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fan DP, Ji GP, Cheng MM et al (2022) Concealed object detection. 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