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Third, RCFCMS adopts spatial information to perceive local similarity, significantly mitigating noise interference. Finally, connected components are applied to eliminate isolated pixels, further optimizing pixel assignment. The experimental results on two benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed RCFCMS achieves competitive performance across varying numbers of superpixels. Specifically, when the number of superpixels is 500, RCFCMS achieves the following metrics: UE = 0.102, ASA = 0.948, FM = 0.401, and CO = 0.572 on BSDS500; and UE = 0.124, ASA = 0.935, FM = 0.296, and CO = 0.608 on SBD. These results further highlight the effectiveness of RCFCMS for superpixel generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40815-025-02017-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T17:13:16Z","timestamp":1744305196000},"page":"1217-1235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Fuzzy C-Means Clustering with Region Constraints for Superpixel Generation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4853-4779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2017_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Wei, S., Ruan, T., Liao, L.: Learning invariant inter-pixel correlations for superpixel generation. 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