{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T10:41:42Z","timestamp":1765622502932,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763769600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Reliable Intell Environ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40860-025-00260-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T12:53:51Z","timestamp":1763816031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A model-checking based approach to verify data and energy integrated networks (DEINs): toward the formal verification of 6G networks"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ilyes","family":"Rezgui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Afef","family":"Gafsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Imen","family":"Ben Hafaiedh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yassine","family":"Gana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"260_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hardy JE (2005) Wireless sensors and networks for advanced energy management. In: Proceedings of the 2005 ACEEE summer study on energy efficiency in industry: cutting the high cost of energy. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, pp 96\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2172\/885995","DOI":"10.2172\/885995"},{"issue":"2","key":"260_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s40860-024-00235-x","volume":"10","author":"S Goswami","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goswami S, Mondal S, Johardar S, Das CB (2024) HS-WOA-MANET: a hybrid meta-heuristic approach-based multi-objective constraints for energy efficient routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks. J Reliab Intell Environ 10(2):151\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40860-024-00235-x","journal-title":"J Reliab Intell Environ"},{"key":"260_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7823481","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7823481","volume":"2022","author":"KS Adu-Manu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adu-Manu KS, Abdulai J-D, Engmann F, Akazue M, Appati JK, Baiden GE, Sarfo-Kantanka G (2022) WSN architectures for environmental monitoring applications. J Sens 2022:7823481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/7823481","journal-title":"J Sens"},{"issue":"1","key":"260_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/asi3010014","volume":"3","author":"D Kandris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kandris D, Nakas C, Vomvas D, Koulouras G (2020) Applications of wireless sensor networks: an up-to-date survey. Appl Syst Innov 3(1):14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/asi3010014","journal-title":"Appl Syst Innov"},{"issue":"1","key":"260_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.11591\/ijeecs.v27.i1.pp246-261","volume":"27","author":"SW Nourildean","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nourildean SW, Hassib MD, Mohammed YA (2022) Internet of things based wireless sensor network: a review. Indones J Electr Eng Comput Sci 27(1):246\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11591\/ijeecs.v27.i1.pp246-261","journal-title":"Indones J Electr Eng Comput Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"260_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-020-02260-z","volume":"26","author":"L Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan L, Gomez Chavez K, Rudolph H et al (2020) Hierarchical routing protocols for wireless sensor network: a compressive survey. Wirel Netw 26(7):3291\u20133314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11276-020-02260-z","journal-title":"Wirel Netw"},{"issue":"3","key":"260_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2391531","volume":"33","author":"S Ulukus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ulukus S, Yener A, Erkip E, Simeone O, Zorzi M, Grover P, Huang K (2015) Energy harvesting wireless communications: a review of recent advances. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 33(3):360\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2391531","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"260_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2024.3465877","volume":"9","author":"X Fan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fan X, Hu J, Yang K (2024) Martingale theory based definition and analysis of energy self-sustainability in batteryless Internet of Things. IEEE Trans Green Commun Netw 9(3):756\u2013767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TGCN.2024.3465877","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Green Commun Netw"},{"issue":"9","key":"260_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2020.09.015","volume":"17","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Hu J, Yang K (2020) Create your own data and energy integrated communication network: a brief tutorial and a prototype system. China Commun 17(9):193\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/JCC.2020.09.015","journal-title":"China Commun"},{"issue":"17","key":"260_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13640","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3068040","volume":"8","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Yang K, Weixiang W, Zhang Y, Liu Q (2021) Energy-efficient data and energy integrated management strategy for internet of things devices based on RF energy harvesting. IEEE Internet of Things J 8(17):13640\u201313651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3068040","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things J"},{"key":"260_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saad MA, AbdulRazak AA, Rashid AH, Thabet HTH, Essa MA, Alani S (2023) Enhanced energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks through harvesting technologies. In: 2023 2nd international engineering conference on electrical, energy, and artificial intelligence. IEEE, Zarqa, Jordan, pp 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EICEEAI60672.2023.10590315","DOI":"10.1109\/EICEEAI60672.2023.10590315"},{"key":"260_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arxiv.2408.14379","author":"CS Mishra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mishra CS, Sampson J, Kandmeir MT, Narayanan V, Das CR (2024) Synergistic and efficient edge-host communication for energy harvesting wireless sensor networks. Comput Res Repos. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arxiv.2408.14379. arXiv:abs\/2408.14379","journal-title":"Comput Res Repos"},{"issue":"2","key":"260_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2962526","volume":"22","author":"D Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma D, Lan G, Hassan M, Hu W, Das SK (2020) Sensing, computing, and communications for energy harvesting IoTs: a survey. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 22(2):1222\u20131250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2019.2962526","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutor"},{"key":"260_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hendriks M, Yi W, Petterson P, Hakansson J, Larsen K, David A, Behrmann G (2006) UPPAAL 4.0. In: Third international conference on the quantitative evaluation of systems. IEEE, pp 125\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/QEST.2006.59","DOI":"10.1109\/QEST.2006.59"},{"key":"260_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Behrmann G, Larsen KG, Moller O, David A, Pettersson P, Yi W (2001) UPPAAL\u2014present and future. In: Proceedings of the 40th IEEE conference on decision and control. IEEE, Orlando, FL, USA, pp 722\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CDC.2001.980713","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2001.980713"},{"issue":"1","key":"260_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2771534","volume":"20","author":"X Cao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cao X, Liu L, Cheng Y, Shen X (2017) Towards energy-efficient wireless networking in the big data era: a survey. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 20(1):303\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2017.2771534","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutor"},{"issue":"5","key":"260_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1360\/N112015-00304","volume":"46","author":"K Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang K, Yu Q, Leng S, Zhang P (2016) Data and energy integrated communication networks. Inf Sci 46(5):591\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1360\/N112015-00304","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"issue":"15","key":"260_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5546","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155546","volume":"22","author":"S Idris","year":"2022","unstructured":"Idris S, Karunathilake T, F\u00f6rster A (2022) Survey and comparative study of lora-enabled simulators for internet of things and wireless sensor networks. Sensors 22(15):5546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22155546","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"260_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2016.06.008","volume":"72","author":"X Zeng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zeng X, Garg SK, Strazdins P, Jayaraman PP, Georgakopoulos D, Ranjan R (2017) IOTSim: a simulator for analysing IoT applications. J Syst Archit 72:93\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sysarc.2016.06.008","journal-title":"J Syst Archit"},{"key":"260_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sotiriadis S, Bessis N, Asimakopoulou E, Mustafee N (2014) Towards simulating the internet of things. In: 2014 28th international conference on advanced information networking and applications workshops. IEEE, pp 444\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WAINA.2014.74","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2014.74"},{"key":"260_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pediaditakis D, Tselishchev Y, Boulis A (2010) Performance and scalability evaluation of the castalia wireless sensor network simulator. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on simulation tools and techniques, pp 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4108\/ICST.SIMUTOOLS2010.8727","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.SIMUTOOLS2010.8727"},{"issue":"16","key":"260_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.5120\/19910-2018","volume":"113","author":"G Gautam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gautam G, Sen B (2015) Design and simulation of wireless sensor network in NS2. Int J Comput Appl 113(16):14\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5120\/19910-2018","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"key":"260_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malik AW, Bilal K, Aziz K, Kliazovich D, Ghani N, Khan SU, Buyya R (2014) Cloudnetsim++: a toolkit for data center simulations in OMNeT++. In: 2014 11th annual high capacity optical networks and emerging\/enabling technologies (photonics for energy). IEEE, pp 104\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HONET.2014.7029371","DOI":"10.1109\/HONET.2014.7029371"},{"key":"260_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4000","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3349186","volume":"12","author":"I-C Guran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guran I-C, Florescu A, Peri\u015foar\u0103 LA (2024) SPICE model of a passive battery management system. IEEE Access 12:4000\u20134014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3349186","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"260_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu H, Nabar S, Poovendran R (2012) An energy framework for the network simulator 3 (ns-3). In: 4th international conference on simulation tools and techniques. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4108\/icst.simutools.2011.245534","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.simutools.2011.245534"},{"key":"260_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Allen J, Forshaw M, Thomas N (2017) Towards an extensible and scalable energy harvesting wireless sensor network simulation framework. In: Proceedings of the 8th ACM\/SPEC on international conference on performance engineering companion, pp 39\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3053600.3053610","DOI":"10.1145\/3053600.3053610"},{"issue":"8","key":"260_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.3390\/S21082604","volume":"21","author":"MK Mishu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mishu MK, Rokonuzzaman M, Pasupuleti J, Shakeri M, Rahman KS, Binzaid S, Tiong SK, Amin N (2021) An adaptive TE-PV hybrid energy harvesting system for self-powered IoT sensor applications. Sensors 21(8):2604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/S21082604","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"260_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.30880\/jscdm.2022.03.01.006","volume":"3","author":"ASH Abdul-Qawy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdul-Qawy ASH (2022) Energy-harvesting for IoT-based wireless nodes: a progress study. J Soft Comput Data Min 3(1):58\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30880\/jscdm.2022.03.01.006","journal-title":"J Soft Comput Data Min"},{"key":"#cr-split#-260_CR29.1","unstructured":"Beer A, Georgiev T, Leitner-Fischer F, Leue S (2013) Model-based quantitative safety analysis of matlab simulink\/stateflow models. In: Giese H (ed) MBEES 2013: Tagungsband des Dagstuhl-Workshops"},{"key":"#cr-split#-260_CR29.2","unstructured":"24.04.2013 - 26.04.2013. fortiss, M\u00fcnchen, pp 60-69. http:\/\/nbn-resolving.de\/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-244936. Accessed 14 March 2025"},{"key":"#cr-split#-260_CR29.3","unstructured":"Beer A, Georgiev T, Leitner-Fischer F, Leue S (2013) Model-based quantitative safety analysis of matlab simulink\/stateflow models. In: Giese H"},{"key":"#cr-split#-260_CR29.4","unstructured":"(ed) MBEES 2013: Tagungsband des Dagstuhl-Workshops; Modellbasierte Entwicklung Eingebetteter Systeme IX; model-based development of embedded systems; 24.04.2013 - 26.04.2013. fortiss, M\u00fcnchen, pp 60-69. http:\/\/nbn-resolving.de\/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-244936. Accessed 14 March 2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"260_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-021-00883-0","volume":"20","author":"A Boll","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boll A, Brokhausen F, Amorim T, Kehrer T, Vogelsang A (2021) Characteristics, potentials, and limitations of open-source simulink projects for empirical research. Softw Syst Model 20(6):2111\u20132130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10270-021-00883-0","journal-title":"Softw Syst Model"},{"key":"260_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCITECHN.2014.7073093","volume-title":"An energy aware heuristic-based routing protocol in wireless sensor networks","author":"K Biswas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Biswas K, Muthukkumarasamy V, Sithirasenan E, Singh K (2014) An energy aware heuristic-based routing protocol in wireless sensor networks. IEEE, Dhaka. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCITECHN.2014.7073093"},{"key":"260_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar R, Hussain S (2022) Simulation model for wireless body area network using castalia. In: Proceedings of the 2022 1st international conference on informatics. IEEE, Noida, India, pp 204\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICI53355.2022.9786924","DOI":"10.1109\/ICI53355.2022.9786924"},{"key":"260_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrone LF, Nicol DM (2002) Network modeling and simulation: a scalable simulator for TinyOS applications. In: Proceedings of the 34th Winter simulation conference: exploring new frontiers. IEEE, San Diego, CA, USA, pp 679\u2013687. https:\/\/didawiki.cli.di.unipi.it\/lib\/exe\/fetch.php\/rhs\/tossim.manuale.pdf. Accessed 14 March 2025","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2002.1172947"},{"key":"260_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McInnes AI (2009) Using CSP to model and analyze tinyos applications. In: 16th annual IEEE lnternational conference and workshop on the engineering of computer based systems (ECBS). IEEE, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp 34\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ECBS.2009.34","DOI":"10.1109\/ECBS.2009.34"},{"issue":"9","key":"260_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2519924","volume":"16","author":"M Amjad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amjad M, Sharif M, Afzal MK, Kim SW (2016) TinyOS-new trends, comparative views, and supported sensing applications: a review. IEEE Sens J 16(9):2865\u20132889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2519924","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J"},{"key":"260_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kellner S (2010) Flexible online energy accounting in TinyOS. In: Proceedings of the 4th international workshop on real-world wireless sensor networks (RealWSN \u201910). Lecture notes in computer science, vol 6511. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 62\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-17520-6_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17520-6_6"},{"key":"260_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Junghanns A, Gomes C, Schulze C, Schuch K, Blaesken M, Zacharias I, Pillekeit A, Wernersson K, Sommer T, Bertsch C et al (2021) The functional mock-up interface 3.0\u2014new features enabling new applications. In: Proceedings of the 14th international Modelica conference. Link\u00f6ping electronic conference Proceedings, vol 181. Link\u00f6ping University Electronic Press, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden, pp 17\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3384\/ecp2118117","DOI":"10.3384\/ecp2118117"},{"issue":"2","key":"260_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3575800","volume":"19","author":"SK Ram","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ram SK, Sahoo SR, Das BB, Mahapatra K, Mohanty SP (2021) Eternal-Thing 2.0: analog-trojan-resilient ripple-less solar energy harvesting system for sustainable IoT in smart cities and smart villages. ACM J Emerg Technol Comput Syst 19(2):1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3575800","journal-title":"ACM J Emerg Technol Comput Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"260_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FCIJ.2018.02.003","volume":"3","author":"RA Sadek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sadek RA (2018) Hybrid energy aware clustered protocol for IoT heterogeneous network. Future Comput Inf J 3(2):166\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.FCIJ.2018.02.003","journal-title":"Future Comput Inf J"},{"key":"260_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dede J, Kuladinithi K, F\u00f6rster A, Nannen O, Lehnhoff S (2015) OMNeT++ and mosaik: enabling simulation of smart grid communications. In: Proceedings of the OMNeT++ Summit 2015, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1509.03067","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1509.03067"},{"key":"260_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao C, Yan H, Liu D, Zhu H, Wang Y, Chen Y (2014) Co-simulation research and application for active distribution network based on ptolemy II and simulink. In: 2014 China international conference on electricity distribution. IEEE, Shenzhen, China. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CICED.2014.6991903","DOI":"10.1109\/CICED.2014.6991903"},{"key":"260_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lasnier G, Cardoso J, Siron P, Pagetti C, Derler P (2013) Distributed simulation of heterogeneous and real-time systems. In: 2013 IEEE\/ACM 17th international symposium on distributed simulation and real-time applications. IEEE, Washington, DC, USA, pp 55\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DS-RT.2013.14","DOI":"10.1109\/DS-RT.2013.14"},{"key":"260_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2023.07.028","volume":"210","author":"A Zubow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zubow A, Laskos C, Dressler F (2023) Toward the simulation of WiFi fine time measurements in NS-3 network simulator. Comput Commun 210:35\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comcom.2023.07.028","journal-title":"Comput Commun"},{"key":"260_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghasemi F, Liedtke L, Jahre M (2023) ESS: repeatable evaluation of energy harvesting subsystems for industry-grade IoT platforms. In: 2023 IEEE international symposium on workload characterization. IEEE, Toronto, ON, Canada, pp 65\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IISWC59245.2023.00","DOI":"10.1109\/IISWC59245.2023.00"},{"key":"260_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qin B, Liu D (2019). Formal modeling and verification method of power grid cyber physical system based on coupling of information and energy flow. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.segan.2022.100913IF","DOI":"10.1016\/j.segan.2022.100913IF"},{"issue":"11","key":"260_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2024.102990","volume":"136","author":"IB Hafaiedh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hafaiedh IB, Gafsi A, Yahyaoui MY, Aouinette Y (2024) A model-based approach for formal verification and performance evaluation of energy harvesting architectures in IoT systems: a case study of a long-term healthcare application. Simul Model Pract Theory 136(11):102990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.simpat.2024.102990","journal-title":"Simul Model Pract Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"260_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2024.07.046","volume":"58","author":"K Fellah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fellah K, Abbou R (2024) Modelling and formal verification approach for microgrid energy management systems under random load. IFAC-PapersOnLine 58(1):270\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ifacol.2024.07.046","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"260_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2022.10.029","volume":"200","author":"L Schmeling","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schmeling L, Sch\u00f6nfeldt P, Klement P, Vorspel L, Hanke B, Maydell K, Agert C (2022) A generalised optimal design methodology for distributed energy systems. Renew Energy 200:1223\u20131239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.renene.2022.10.029","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"issue":"30","key":"260_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19778","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c02461","volume":"6","author":"IH Alhajri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alhajri IH, Taqvi S (2021) Mathematical modeling and analysis of distributed energy systems for a refinery in Kuwait. ACS Omega 6(30):19778\u201319788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.1c02461","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"260_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2017.12.002","volume":"19","author":"S Pfenninger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pfenninger S, Hirth L, Schlecht I, Schmid E, Wiese F, Brown T, Davis C, Gidden M, Heinrichs H, Heuberger C, Hilpert S, Krien U, Matke C, Nebel A, Morrison R, Muller B, Ple\u00dfmann G, Reeg M, Richstein J, Shivakumar A, Staffell I, Tr\u00f6ndle T, Wingenbach C (2018) Opening the black box of energy modelling: strategies and lessons learned. Energy Strat Rev 19:63\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esr.2017.12.002","journal-title":"Energy Strat Rev"},{"key":"260_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.08.128","volume":"126","author":"F Fakhfakh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fakhfakh F, Tounsi M, Mosbah M, Kacem AH (2018) Formal verification approaches for distributed algorithms: a systematic literature review. Procedia Comput Sci 126:1551\u20131560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procs.2018.08.128","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"260_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s40860-021-00159-w","volume":"8","author":"YA Rani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rani YA, Reddy ES (2022) A novel energy-efficient clustering protocol in wireless sensor network: multi-objective analysis based on hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm. J Reliab Intell Environ 8(4):415\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40860-021-00159-w","journal-title":"J Reliab Intell Environ"},{"key":"260_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78409-6","volume-title":"Formal analysis of future energy systems using interactive theorem proving","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmed A, Hasan O, Awwad F, Bastaki N (2022) Formal analysis of future energy systems using interactive theorem proving. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-78409-6"},{"key":"260_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ransil A, Hammersley M, O\u2019Sullivan FM (2020) Improving system resilience through formal verification of transactive energy controls, pp 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TESC50295.2020.9656940","DOI":"10.1109\/TESC50295.2020.9656940"},{"key":"260_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shokri-Manninen F, Tsiopoulos L, Vain J, Wald\u00e9n M (2020) Integration of IUML-B and UPPAAL timed automata for development of real-time systems with concurrent processes. In: Raschke A, M\u00e9ry D, Houdek F (eds) Rigorous state-based methods\u20147th international conference, ABZ 2020, Proceedings vol 12071, pp 186\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-48077-6_13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-48077-6_13"},{"issue":"2","key":"260_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3975(94)90010-8","volume":"126","author":"R Alur","year":"1994","unstructured":"Alur R, Dill DL (1994) A theory of timed automata. Theor Comput Sci 126(2):183\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0304-3975(94)90010-8","journal-title":"Theor Comput Sci"},{"issue":"15","key":"260_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13428","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3263354","volume":"10","author":"X Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan X, Hu J, Zhao Y, Yang K (2023) Distributed batteryless access control for data and energy integrated networks: modeling and performance analysis. IEEE Internet Things J 10(15):13428\u201313441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3263354","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J"},{"key":"260_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtphys.2021.100562","volume":"21","author":"C Lucchesi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lucchesi C, Vaillon R, Chapuis P-O (2021) Temperature dependence of near-field radiative heat transfer above room temperature. Mater Today Phys 21:100562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtphys.2021.100562","journal-title":"Mater Today Phys"},{"key":"260_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21264","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2757267","volume":"5","author":"H-J Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim H-J, Hirayama H, Kim S, Han KJ, Zhang R, Choi J-W (2017) Review of near-field wireless power and communication for biomedical applications. IEEE Access 5:21264\u201321285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2757267","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"22","key":"260_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.31-1-2020.162831","volume":"7","author":"AM Le","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le AM, Truong LH, Quyen TV, Nguyen CV, Nguyen MTNT (2020) Wireless power transfer near-field technologies for unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs: a review. EAI Endors Trans Ind Netw Intell Syst 7(22):5\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4108\/eai.31-1-2020.162831","journal-title":"EAI Endors Trans Ind Netw Intell Syst"},{"issue":"21","key":"260_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8088","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218088","volume":"22","author":"A Mouapi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mouapi A (2022) Radiofrequency energy harvesting systems for internet of things applications: a comprehensive overview of design issues. Sensors 22(21):8088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22218088","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"8","key":"260_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.3390\/s22082990","volume":"22","author":"HHR Sherazi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sherazi HHR, Zorbas D, O\u2019flynn B (2022) A comprehensive survey on RF energy harvesting: applications and performance determinants. Sensors 22(8):2990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22082990","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"18","key":"260_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7899","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187899","volume":"23","author":"DG Ingala","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ingala DG, Pillay N, Pillay A (2023) An assessment of environmental RF noise due to IoT deployment. Sensors 23(18):7899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23187899","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"260_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRFID.2025.3581789","author":"M Murugesh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Murugesh M, Akbar MF (2025) A low-profile symmetric dipole UHF RFID tag design with wide tuning range for metallic platforms. IEEE J Radio Freq Identif. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JRFID.2025.3581789","journal-title":"IEEE J Radio Freq Identif"},{"key":"260_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin W, Ziolkowski RW, Huang J (2019) Electrically small, low-profile, highly efficient, huygens dipole rectennas for wirelessly powering IoT devices. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 67(6):3670\u20133679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAP.2019.2902713","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2902713"},{"key":"260_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tsoane KC, Mathonsi TE, Du Plessis DP (2024) Omnidirectional antenna design for underground wireless sensor network QoS improvement. In: Quality of service (QoS)-challenges and solutions, pp 91\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.1006926","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1006926"},{"key":"260_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2017.11.004","volume":"153","author":"E Khamespanah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khamespanah E, Khosravi R, Sirjani M (2018) An efficient TCTL model checking algorithm and a reduction technique for verification of timed actor models. Sci Comput Program 153:1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scico.2017.11.004","journal-title":"Sci Comput Program"},{"key":"260_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-023-02322-8","author":"H Rajab","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rajab H, Al-Amaireh H, Bouguera T, Cinkler T (2023) Evaluation of energy consumption of IPEST technologies. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-023-02322-8","journal-title":"EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw"},{"key":"260_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mottola L, Picco GP (2006) Programming wireless sensor networks: from physical to logical neighborhoods. In: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on integrated internet ad hoc and sensor networks, pp 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1142680.1142691","DOI":"10.1145\/1142680.1142691"},{"key":"260_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jackson B, Nisha ASA, Varalakshmi S, Darwin N, Varun M (2023) Enhancing wifi range and throughput with beam steering antennas. In: 2023 7th international conference on electronics, communication and aerospace technology (ICECA). IEEE, pp 1749\u20131754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICECA58529.2023.10395870","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECA58529.2023.10395870"},{"key":"260_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Xin X, Li Y (2016) Energy characterization of end-device in zigbee-based wireless sensor network. In: MATEC web of conferences, vol 61. EDP Sciences, p 02005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/matecconf\/20166102005","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/20166102005"},{"issue":"2","key":"260_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2780238","volume":"20","author":"A Alnoman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alnoman A, Carvalho GH, Anpalagan A, Woungang I (2017) Energy efficiency on fully cloudified mobile networks: survey, challenges, and open issues. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 20(2):1271\u20131291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2017.2780238","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Surv Tutor"},{"key":"260_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rahayu Y, Rahman TA, Ngah R, Hall PS (2008) Ultra wideband technology and its applications. In: 2008 5th IFIP international conference on wireless and optical communications networks, pp 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WOCN.2008.4542537","DOI":"10.1109\/WOCN.2008.4542537"}],"container-title":["Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40860-025-00260-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40860-025-00260-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40860-025-00260-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T10:37:23Z","timestamp":1765622243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40860-025-00260-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40860-025-00260-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2199-4668","2199-4676"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2199-4668"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2199-4676"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"20"}}