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Some steps of ontology implementation are still hard to computerize completely, notably axiom discovery, which strongly relies on supervised language models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41019-025-00284-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T03:30:04Z","timestamp":1750303804000},"page":"339-361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Semi-Automatic Building of Ontologies from Unstructured French Texts: Industrial Case Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Emna","family":"Amdouni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8260-4638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhadi","family":"Belfadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maxence","family":"Gagnant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Renault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Kierszbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Carrion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Dussartre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Tmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"284_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.22266\/ijies2019.0430.17","volume":"12","author":"AS Abdelghany","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdelghany AS, Darwish NR, Hefni HA (2019) An agile methodology for ontology development. 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