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These questionnaires provide a variety of perspectives on a patient\u2019s current state of well-being. Not only is it critical to capture the heterogeneity given by these perspectives, but there is also a growing demand for developing cost-effective technologies for clinical phenotyping. Filling out many questionnaires may be a strain for the patients and therefore, costly. Our goal is then to provide a strategy that refrains from the more expensive questionnaires while maintaining phenotype quality. In this work, we propose COBALT\u2014a cost-based layer selector model for detecting phenotypes using a community detection approach. Our goal is to minimize the number of features used to build these phenotypes while preserving its quality. We test our model using questionnaire data from chronic tinnitus patients and represent the data in a multi-layer network structure. The model is then evaluated by predicting post-treatment data using baseline features (age, gender, and pre-treatment data) as well as the identified phenotypes as a feature. For some post-treatment variables, prediction models using phenotypes from COBALT as features outperformed those using phenotypes detected by traditional clustering methods. Moreover, using phenotype data to predict post-treatment data proved beneficial in comparison with prediction models that were solely trained with baseline features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41060-023-00431-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]],"date-time":"2023-07-23T09:01:36Z","timestamp":1690102896000},"page":"511-531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A cost-based multi-layer network approach for the discovery of patient phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Clara","family":"Puga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uli","family":"Niemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winfried","family":"Schlee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myra","family":"Spiliopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"431_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.08.010","volume":"27","author":"JJ Eggermont","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eggermont, J.J., Roberts, L.E.: The neuroscience of tinnitus. 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