{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T15:20:34Z","timestamp":1777735234194,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Netw Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-019-0123-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T15:02:46Z","timestamp":1556809366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Finding maximal bicliques in bipartite networks using node similarity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Taher","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6980-220X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathy","family":"Horadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"123_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09182","volume":"466","author":"Y-Y Ahn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ahn, Y-Y, Bagrow JP, Lehmann S (2010) Link communities reveal multiscale complexity in networks. Nature 466:761\u2013764.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"123_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dam.2003.09.004","volume":"145","author":"G Alexe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alexe, G, et al (2004) Consensus algorithms for the generation of all maximal bicliques. Discret Appl Math 145:11\u201321.","journal-title":"Discret Appl Math"},{"key":"123_CR3","unstructured":"Alzahrani, T (2016) Complex information networks \u2013 detecting community structure in bipartite networks. PhD Thesis, RMIT University. Australia."},{"key":"123_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzahrani, T, Horadam KJ (2014) Analysis of two crime-related networks derived from bipartite social networks In: Proceedings of 2014 IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining, 890\u2013897.. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM.2014.6921691"},{"key":"123_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzahrani, T, Horadam KJ (2016) Community Detection in Bipartite Networks: Algorithms and Case studies. In: L\u00fc J, Yu X, Chen G, Yu W (eds)Complex Systems and Networks: Dynamics, Controls and Applications, 25\u201350.. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47824-0_2"},{"issue":"6","key":"123_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"066102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.76.066102","volume":"76","author":"MJ Barber","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barber, MJ (2007) Modularity and community detection in bipartite networks. Phys Rev E 76(6):066102.","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"123_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrat, A, Barthelemy M, Vespignani A (2008) Dynamical processes on complex networks. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511791383"},{"key":"123_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P10008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2008\/10\/P10008","volume":"10","author":"V Blondel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blondel, V, Guillaume J-L, Lambiotte R, Lefebvre E (2008) Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. J Stat Mech Theory Exp 10:P10008.","journal-title":"J Stat Mech Theory Exp"},{"key":"123_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cazabet, R, Amblard F, Hanachi C (2010) Detection of overlapping communities in dynamical social networks In: second international conference on social computing, 309\u2013314.. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/SocialCom.2010.51"},{"key":"123_CR10","first-page":"16","volume":"093001","author":"C Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang, C, Tang C (2014) Community detection for networks with unipartite and bipartite structure. New J Phys 093001:16.","journal-title":"New J Phys"},{"key":"123_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2014.03.077","volume":"407","author":"Y Cui","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cui, Y, Wang X (2014) Uncovering overlapping community structures by the key bi-community and intimate degree in bipartite networks. Physica A: Stat Mech Appl 407:7\u201314.","journal-title":"Physica A: Stat Mech Appl"},{"key":"123_CR12","volume-title":"Deep south: A Social Anthropological Study of Caste and Class","author":"A Davis","year":"1941","unstructured":"Davis, A, Gardner BB, Gardner MR (1941) Deep south: A Social Anthropological Study of Caste and Class. University of Chicago Press, Chicago."},{"key":"123_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, N, Wang B, Wu B, Wang Y (2008) Overlapping community detection in bipartite networks In: IEEE\/WIC\/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology., 176\u201379.. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/WIIAT.2008.98"},{"issue":"2","key":"123_CR14","first-page":"021025","volume":"1","author":"A Esquivel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Esquivel, A, Rosvall M (2011) Compression of flow can reveal overlapping-module organization in networks. Phys Rev X 1(2):021025.","journal-title":"Phys Rev X"},{"issue":"12","key":"123_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P12037","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2010\/12\/P12037","volume":"2010","author":"TS Evans","year":"2010","unstructured":"Evans, TS (2010) Clique graphs and overlapping communities. J Stat Mech Theory Exp 2010(12):P12037.","journal-title":"J Stat Mech Theory Exp"},{"key":"123_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139136877","volume-title":"Disrupting Dark Networks","author":"SF Everton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Everton, SF (2012) Disrupting Dark Networks. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"123_CR17","unstructured":"Freeman, LC (2003) Finding social groups: A meta-analysis of the southern women data In: Dynamic social network modeling and analysis, 39\u201397.. National Academies Press."},{"key":"123_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2009.11.002","volume":"486","author":"S. Fortunato","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fortunato, S. (2010) Community detection in graphs. Phys Rep 486:75\u2013174.","journal-title":"Phys Rep"},{"key":"123_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7821","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.122653799","volume":"99","author":"M Girvan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Girvan, M, Newman ME (2002) Community structure in social and biological networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99:7821\u20137826.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"123_CR20","first-page":"12","volume":"103018","author":"S Gregory","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gregory, S (2010) Finding overlapping communities in networks by label propagation. New J Phys 103018:12.","journal-title":"New J Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"123_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026121","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.78.026121","volume":"78","author":"Y Hu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hu, Y, Chen H, Zhang P, Li M, Di Z, Fan Y (2008) Comparative definition of community and corresponding identifying algorithm. Phys Rev E 78(2):026121.","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"123_CR22","volume-title":"Terrorism in Indonesia: Noordin\u2019s Networks. Asia Report no. 114","author":"International Crisis Group","year":"2006","unstructured":"International Crisis Group (2006) Terrorism in Indonesia: Noordin\u2019s Networks. Asia Report no. 114. International Crisis Group, Brussels."},{"issue":"14","key":"123_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr311","volume":"27","author":"AT Kalinka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kalinka, AT, Tomancak P (2011) linkcomm: an R package for the generation, visualization, and analysis of link communities in networks of arbitrary size and type. Bioinformatics 27(14):2011\u20132012.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"5","key":"123_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"049902","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.89.049902","volume":"89","author":"A Lancichinetti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lancichinetti, A, Fortunato S (2014) Erratum to: Community detection algorithms: a comparative analysis. [Physical Review E, 80, 5, 056117, 2009]. Phys Rev E 89(5):049902.","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"issue":"3","key":"123_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033015","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/11\/3\/033015","volume":"11","author":"A Lancichinetti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lancichinetti, A, Fortunato S, Kert\u00e9sz J (2009) Detecting the overlapping and hierarchical community structure in complex networks. New J Phys 11(3):033015.","journal-title":"New J Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"123_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18001","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/90\/18001","volume":"90","author":"A L\u00e1z\u00e1r","year":"2010","unstructured":"L\u00e1z\u00e1r, A, \u00c1bel D, Vicsek T (2010) Modularity measure of networks with overlapping communities. EPL (Europhys Lett) 90(1):18001.","journal-title":"EPL (Europhys Lett)"},{"issue":"1","key":"123_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012805","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.90.012805","volume":"90","author":"D Larremore","year":"2014","unstructured":"Larremore, D, Clauset A, Jacobs A (2014) Efficiently inferring community structure in bipartite networks. Phys Rev E 90(1):012805.","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"issue":"1","key":"123_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016108","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.78.016108","volume":"78","author":"S Lehmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lehmann, S, Schwartz M, Hansen LK (2008) Biclique communities. Phys Rev E 78(1):016108.","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"123_CR29","first-page":"73","volume":"026120","author":"E Leicht","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leicht, E, Holme P, Newman ME (2006) Vertex similarity in networks. Phys Rev E 026120:73.","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"issue":"6","key":"123_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"066107","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.79.066107","volume":"79","author":"IXY Leung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leung, IXY, Hui P, Lio P, Crowcroft J (2009) Towards real-time community detection in large networks. Phys Rev E 79(6):066107.","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"123_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2016.07.024","volume":"367-368","author":"Z Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, Z, Wang RS, Zhang S, Zhang XS (2016) Quantitative Function and Algorithm for Community Detection in Bipartite Networks. Inf Sci 367-368:874\u2013889.","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"123_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20591","volume":"58","author":"D Liben Nowell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liben Nowell, D, Kleinberg J (2007) The link prediction problem for social networks. J Am Soc Inf Sci Technol 58:1019\u20131031.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Inf Sci Technol"},{"key":"123_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.1971.9989788","volume":"1","author":"F Lorrain","year":"1971","unstructured":"Lorrain, F, White HC (1971) Structural equivalence of individuals in social networks. J Math Sociol 1:49\u201380.","journal-title":"J Math Sociol"},{"issue":"2","key":"123_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289146","volume":"14","author":"RD Luce","year":"1949","unstructured":"Luce, RD, Perry AD (1949) A method of matrix analysis of group structure. Psychometrika 14(2):95\u2013116.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"123_CR35","unstructured":"Makin, K, Uno T (2004) New Algorithms for Enumerating All Maximal Cliques(Hagerup T, Katajainen J, eds.)SWAT 2004, LNCS 3111."},{"issue":"1","key":"123_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2307\/3088904","volume":"68","author":"J Moody","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moody, J, White DR (2003) Structural cohesion and embeddedness: A hierarchical concept of social groups. Am Sociol Rev 68(1):103\u2013127.","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"key":"123_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8577","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601602103","volume":"103","author":"ME Newman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Newman, ME (2006) Modularity and community structure in networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103:8577\u20138582.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"123_CR38","first-page":"69","volume":"026113","author":"ME Newman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Newman, ME, Girvan M (2004) Finding and evaluating community structure in networks. Phys Rev E 026113:69.","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"123_CR39","unstructured":"NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and ResearchNSW Crime data. Historic. Published 2013. http:\/\/data.gov.au\/dataset\/nsw-crime-data\/ . Accessed Mar 2012."},{"key":"123_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03607","volume":"435","author":"G Palla","year":"2005","unstructured":"Palla, G, Derenyi I, Farkas I, Vicsek T (2005) Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society. Nature 435:814\u2013818.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"123_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-218X(03)00333-0","volume":"131","author":"R Peeters","year":"2003","unstructured":"Peeters, R (2003) The maximum edge biclique problem is NP-complete. Discret Appl Math 131(3):651\u2013654.","journal-title":"Discret Appl Math"},{"key":"123_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400054101","volume":"101","author":"F Radicchi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Radicchi, F, Castellano C, Cecconi F, Loreto V, Parisi D (2004) Defining and identifying communities in networks.Proc Natl Acad Sci 101:2658\u20132663.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"123_CR43","first-page":"76","volume":"036106","author":"UN Raghavan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Raghavan, UN, Albert R, Kumara S (2007) Near linear time algorithm to detect community structures in large-scale networks. Phys Rev E 036106:76.","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"123_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.21307\/joss-2019-030","volume":"12","author":"N Roberts","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roberts, N, Everton SF (2011) Strategies for combating dark networks. J Soc Struct 12:2.","journal-title":"J Soc Struct"},{"key":"123_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706851105","volume":"105","author":"M Rosvall","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rosvall, M, Bergstrom CT (2008) Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105:1118\u20131123.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"123_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(70)80056-1","volume":"2","author":"EH Ruspini","year":"1970","unstructured":"Ruspini, EH (1970) Numerical methods for fuzzy clustering. Inf Sci 2(3):319\u2013350.","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"123_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarissan, F (2015) Comparing overlapping properties of real bipartite networks In: Interdisciplinary Symposium on Complex Systems, 309\u201317.. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10759-2_32"},{"key":"123_CR48","unstructured":"Van Steen, M (2010) Graph theory and complex networks. An Introduction. Lexington."},{"issue":"1","key":"123_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2015.09.030","volume":"609","author":"T Viard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Viard, T, Latapy M, Magnien C (2016) Computing maximal cliques in link streams. Theor Comput Sci 609(1):245\u2013252.","journal-title":"Theor Comput Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"123_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1145\/2501654.2501657","volume":"45","author":"J Xie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xie, J, Kelley S, Szymanski BK (2013) Overlapping community detection in networks: The state-of-the-art and comparative study. ACM Comput Surv (CSUR) 45(4):43.","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv (CSUR)"},{"key":"123_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y, Chen L, Zou S (2013) Community detection from bipartite networks In: 10th Web Information System and Application Conference, 249\u2013254.. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/WISA.2013.54"},{"issue":"4","key":"123_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2009-00335-8","volume":"71","author":"T Zhou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhou, T, L\u00fc L, Zhang YC (2009) Predicting missing links via local information. Eur Phys J B 71(4):623\u2013630.","journal-title":"Eur Phys J B"}],"container-title":["Applied Network Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-019-0123-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41109-019-0123-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-019-0123-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]],"date-time":"2022-09-17T08:41:48Z","timestamp":1663404108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/appliednetsci.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1007\/s41109-019-0123-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41109-019-0123-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2364-8228"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2364-8228","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"21"}}