{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T19:40:15Z","timestamp":1774899615289,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MC_CF023241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_CF023241"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Netw Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Previous simulation studies have found that starting with high degree seeds leads to faster and more complete diffusion over networks. However, there are few studies and none have used networks that are relevant to a school setting.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We construct 17 networks from friendship nominations in schools and simulate diffusion from a seed group of 15% of the students. That seed group is constructed with seven different approaches (referred to as interventions). The effectiveness of the intervention is measured by the proportion of simulated students reached and the time taken.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Seed groups comprising popular students are effective compared to other interventions across a range of measures and simulated contagions. As operationalised, selecting persuasive students is also effective for many simulation scenarios. However, this intervention is not strictly comparable with the others tested.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Consistent with previous simulation studies, using popular students as a seed group is a robust approach to optimising network interventions in schools. In addition, researchers should consider supplementing the seed group with influential students.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-019-0168-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T09:02:37Z","timestamp":1569229357000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effectiveness variation in simulated school-based network interventions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4171-3897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Badham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Kee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth F.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"168_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/nws.2013.6","volume":"1","author":"S Aral","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aral, S, Muchnik L, Sundararajan A (2013) Engineering social contagions: Optimal network seeding in the presence of homophily. Netw Sci 1(02):125\u2013153. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/nws.2013.6\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Netw Sci"},{"issue":"02","key":"168_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1017\/nws.2018.4","volume":"6","author":"J Badham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Badham, J, Kee F, Hunter RF (2018) Simulating network intervention strategies: Implications for adoption of behaviour. Netw Sci 6(02):265\u2013280. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/nws.2018.4\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Netw Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"168_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2008\/10\/P10008","volume":"2008","author":"VD Blondel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blondel, VD, Guillaume J-L, Lambiotte R, Lefebvre E (2008) Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. J Stat Mech Theory Exp 2008(10):10008.","journal-title":"J Stat Mech Theory Exp"},{"issue":"9624","key":"168_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60692-3","volume":"371","author":"R Campbell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Campbell, R, Starkey F, Holliday J, Audrey S, Bloor M, Parry-Langdon N, Hughes R, Moore L (2008) An informal school-based peer-led intervention for smoking prevention in adolescence (ASSIST): a cluster randomised trial. Lancet 371(9624):1595\u20131602. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)60692-3\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5996","key":"168_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185231","volume":"329","author":"D Centola","year":"2010","unstructured":"Centola, D (2010) The spread of behavior in an online social network experiment. Science 329(5996):1194\u20131197.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"168_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1086\/521848","volume":"113","author":"D Centola","year":"2007","unstructured":"Centola, D, Macy M (2007) Complex contagion and the weakness of long ties. Am J Sociol 113(3):702\u2013734.","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"issue":"4","key":"168_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(03)00012-1","volume":"25","author":"E Costenbader","year":"2003","unstructured":"Costenbader, E, Valente TW (2003) The stability of centrality measures when networks are sampled. Soc Netw 25(4):283\u2013307. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0378-8733(03)00012-1\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Soc Netw"},{"key":"168_CR8","first-page":"1695","volume":"Complex Systems","author":"G Csardi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Csardi, G, Nepusz T (2006) The igraph software package for complex network research. InterJournal Complex Systems:1695.","journal-title":"InterJournal"},{"issue":"4","key":"168_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.06.021","volume":"59","author":"JK Das","year":"2016","unstructured":"Das, JK, Salam RA, Arshad A, Finkelstein Y, Bhutta ZA (2016) Interventions for adolescent substance abuse: An overview of systematic reviews. J Adolesc Health 59(4):61\u201375. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.06.021\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"168_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Arruda, GF, Barbieri AL, Rodr\u00edguez PM, Rodrigues FA, Moreno Y, da Fontoura Costa L (2014) Role of centrality for the identification of influential spreaders in complex networks. Phys Rev E 90(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physreve.90.032812.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.90.032812"},{"issue":"6","key":"168_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1086\/229693","volume":"96","author":"SL Feld","year":"1991","unstructured":"Feld, SL (1991) Why your friends have more friends than you do. Am J Sociol 96(6):1464\u20131477. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/229693\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"issue":"5","key":"168_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301874","volume":"104","author":"DR Hale","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hale, DR, Fitzgerald-Yau N, Viner RM (2014) A systematic review of effective interventions for reducing multiple health risk behaviors in adolescence. Am J Public Health 104(5):19\u201341. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2014.301874\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"168_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32982-3","volume":"390","author":"RF Hunter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hunter, RF, de la Haye K, Badham J, Valente T, Clarke M, Kee F (2017) Social network interventions for health behaviour change: a systematic review. Lancet 390:47. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)32982-3\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"168_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalili, M, Perc M (2017) Information cascades in complex networks. J Complex Netw. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/comnet\/cnx019.","DOI":"10.1093\/comnet\/cnx019"},{"key":"168_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jepson, RG, Harris FM, Platt S, Tannahill C (2010) The effectiveness of interventions to change six health behaviours: a review of reviews. BMC Public Health 10(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-10-538.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-538"},{"key":"168_CR16","volume-title":"Opinion Leader HIV Prevention Training Manual","author":"J Kelly","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kelly, J, Stevenson L (1995) Opinion Leader HIV Prevention Training Manual. Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee."},{"key":"168_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kempe, D, Kleinberg J, Tardos \u00c9 (2003) Maximizing the spread of influence through a social network In: Proceedings of the Ninth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining - KDD \u201903.. ACM Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/956750.956769.","DOI":"10.1145\/956750.956769"},{"issue":"9989","key":"168_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60095-2","volume":"386","author":"DA Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim, DA, Hwong AR, Stafford D, Hughes DA, O\u2019Malley AJ, Fowler JH, Christakis NA (2015) Social network targeting to maximise population behaviour change: A cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 386(9989):145\u2013153. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(15)60095-2\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"168_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2005.07.002","volume":"28","author":"G Kossinets","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kossinets, G (2006) Effects of missing data in social networks. Soc Netw 28(3):247\u2013268. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socnet.2005.07.002\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Soc Netw"},{"issue":"11","key":"168_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090186","volume":"45","author":"S. Kriemler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kriemler, S, Meyer U, Martin E, van Sluijs EMF, Andersen LB, Martin BW (2011) Effect of school-based interventions on physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents: a review of reviews and systematic update. Br J Sports Med 45(11):923\u2013930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090186. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/https:\/\/bjsm.bmj.com\/content\/45\/11\/923.full.pdf.","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"168_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2012.00661.x","volume":"22","author":"PEL Marks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marks, PEL, Babcock B, Cillessen AHN, Crick NR (2012) The effects of participation rate on the internal reliability of peer nomination measures. Soc Dev 22(3):609\u2013622. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2012.00661.x\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Soc Dev"},{"key":"168_CR22","volume-title":"ABC of Behaviour Change Theories","author":"S Michie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Michie, S, West R, Campbell R, Brown J, Gainforth H (2014) ABC of Behaviour Change Theories. Silverback Publishing, Great Britain."},{"key":"168_CR23","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2015","unstructured":"R Core Team (2015) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. \n                    https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/\n                    \n                  ."},{"issue":"4","key":"168_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2013.09.003","volume":"35","author":"JA Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith, JA, Moody J (2013) Structural effects of network sampling coverage I: Nodes missing at random. Soc Netw 35(4):652\u2013668. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socnet.2013.09.003\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Soc Netw"},{"issue":"3","key":"168_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269602600305","volume":"26","author":"RT Trotter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Trotter, RT, Bowen AM, Baldwin JA, Price LJ (1996) The efficacy of network-based HIV\/AIDS risk reduction programs in midsized towns in the united states. J Drug Issues 26(3):591\u2013605. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002204269602600305\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"issue":"1","key":"168_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(95)00256-1","volume":"18","author":"TW Valente","year":"1996","unstructured":"Valente, TW (1996) Social network thresholds in the diffusion of innovations. Soc Netw 18(1):69\u201389. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0378-8733(95)00256-1\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Soc Netw"},{"key":"168_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Valente, TW (2005) Network models and methods for studying the diffusion of innovations. In: Carrington PJ, Scott J, Wasserman S (eds)Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis, 98\u2013116.. Cambridge University Press. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cbo9780511811395.006\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9780511811395.006"},{"issue":"6090","key":"168_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217330","volume":"337","author":"TW Valente","year":"2012","unstructured":"Valente, TW (2012) Network interventions. Science 337(6090):49\u201353.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"168_CR29","unstructured":"Wickham, H, Francois R (2016) dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=dplyr."},{"key":"168_CR30","unstructured":"Wilensky, U (1999) NetLogo http:\/\/ccl.northwestern.edu\/netlogo\/. Technical report, Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston. http:\/\/ccl.northwestern.edu\/netlogo\/."},{"key":"168_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y (2019) A narrative review of the use of agent-based modeling in health behavior and behavior intervention. Transl Behav Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tbm\/iby132.","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/iby132"}],"container-title":["Applied Network Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-019-0168-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41109-019-0168-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-019-0168-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T23:16:10Z","timestamp":1600730170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/appliednetsci.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1007\/s41109-019-0168-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41109-019-0168-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2364-8228"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2364-8228","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 March 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study uses anonymised friendship network data collected during the Wellbeing in Schools (WiSe) Survey conducted by The Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation at Queen\u2019s University Belfast. For full details of ethics and consent please see (Davison et al.: Longitudinal overview of adolescent wellbeing: findings from the Wellbeing in Schools Survey, in preparation). Briefly, ethical approval has been granted by the School of Social Science, Education and Social Work Ethics Committee, Queen\u2019s University Belfast. Participation in the study is by voluntary informed consent, obtained prior to all stages of data collection.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"70"}}