{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T13:46:16Z","timestamp":1762782376887,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Netw Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a metropolis, people movements design intricate patterns that change on very short temporal scales. Population mobility obviously is not random, but driven by the land uses of the city. Such an urban ecosystem can interestingly be explored by integrating the spatial analysis of land uses (through ecological indicators commonly used to characterize natural environments) with the temporal analysis of human mobility (reconstructed from anonymized mobile phone data). Considering the city of Milan (Italy) as a case study, here we aimed to identify the complex relations occurring between the land-use composition of its neighborhoods and the spatio-temporal patterns of occupation made by citizens. We generated two spatially explicit networks, one static and the other temporal, based on the analysis of land uses and mobile phone data, respectively. The comparison between the results of community detection performed on both networks revealed that neighborhoods that are similar in terms of land-use composition are not necessarily characterized by analogous temporal fluctuations of human activities. In particular, the historical concentric urban structure of Milan is still under play. Our big data driven approach to characterize urban diversity provides outcomes that could be important (i) to better understand how and when urban spaces are actually used, and (ii) to allow policy makers improving strategic development plans that account for the needs of metropolis-like permanently changing cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-019-0245-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T12:02:26Z","timestamp":1577707346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The time varying network of urban space uses in Milan"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Alba","family":"Bernini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amadou Lamine","family":"Toure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5177-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Casagrandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"245_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764217717562","volume":"61","author":"M Arnaboldi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arnaboldi, M, Brambilla M, Cassottana B, Ciuccarelli P, Vantini S (2017) Urbanscope: A lens to observe language mix in cities. Am Behav Sci 61(7):774\u2013793.","journal-title":"Am Behav Sci"},{"key":"245_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"055","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2015.55","volume":"2","author":"G Barlacchi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barlacchi, G, De Nadai M, Larcher R, Casella A, Chitic C, Torrisi G, Antonelli F, Vespignani A, Pentland A, Lepri B (2015) A multi-source dataset of urban life in the city of milan and the province of trentino. Sci Data 2:150:055.","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"issue":"10","key":"245_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P10008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2008\/10\/P10008","volume":"2008","author":"Vincent D Blondel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blondel, V, Guillaume JL, Lambiotte R, Lefebvre E (2008) Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. J Stat Mech Theory Exp 2008(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-5468\/2008\/10\/P10008.","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment"},{"key":"245_CR4","unstructured":"Bonvesin de la Riva (1228) De magnalibus Mediolani. translated by Chiesa P. (2009) as Le meraviglie di Milano. Mondadori."},{"key":"245_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cho, E, Myers SA, Leskovec J (2011) Friendship and mobility: user movement in location-based social networks In: Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining, 1082\u20131090.. ACM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2020408.2020579.","DOI":"10.1145\/2020408.2020579"},{"issue":"1","key":"245_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11634-006-0004-6","volume":"1","author":"AD Chouakria","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chouakria, AD, Nagabhushan PN (2007) Adaptive dissimilarity index for measuring time series proximity. Adv Data Anal Classif 1(1):5\u201321.","journal-title":"Adv Data Anal Classif"},{"issue":"4","key":"245_CR7","first-page":"738","volume":"24","author":"D DeLong","year":"1996","unstructured":"DeLong, D (1996) Defining biodiversity. Wildl Soc Bull 24(4):738\u2013749.","journal-title":"Wildl Soc Bull"},{"key":"245_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315372860","volume-title":"European Landscape Dynamics","year":"2016","unstructured":"Feranec, J, Soukup T, Hazeu G, Jaffrain G (2016) European landscape dynamics: CORINE land cover data. Taylor & Francis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781315372860."},{"issue":"3","key":"245_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697219015","volume":"18","author":"P Fisher","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fisher, P (1997) The pixel: a snare and a delusion. Int J Remote Sens 18(3):679\u2013685.","journal-title":"Int J Remote Sens"},{"issue":"3-5","key":"245_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2009.11.002","volume":"486","author":"S Fortunato","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fortunato, S (2010) Community detection in graphs. Phys Rep 486(3-5):75\u2013174.","journal-title":"Phys Rep"},{"key":"245_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2016.09.002","volume":"659","author":"S Fortunato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fortunato, S, Hric D (2016) Community detection in networks: A user guide. Phys Rep 659:1\u201344.","journal-title":"Phys Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"245_CR12","first-page":"67","volume":"56","author":"P Gong","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gong, P, Howart PJ, et al. (1990) The use of structural information for improving land-cover classification accuracies at the rural-urban fringe. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 56(1):67\u201373.","journal-title":"Photogramm Eng Remote Sens"},{"issue":"7196","key":"245_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06958","volume":"453","author":"MC Gonzalez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gonzalez, MC, Hidalgo CA, Barabasi AL (2008) Understanding individual human mobility patterns. Nature 453(7196):779.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"245_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/15230406.2014.890072","volume":"41","author":"B Hawelka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hawelka, B, Sitko I, Beinat E, Sobolevsky S, Kazakopoulos P, Ratti C (2014) Geo-located twitter as proxy for global mobility patterns. Cartogr Geogr Inf Sci 41(3):260\u2013271.","journal-title":"Cartogr Geogr Inf Sci"},{"key":"245_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2014.02.011","volume":"64","author":"S Hoteit","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoteit, S, Secci S, Sobolevsky S, Ratti C, Pujolle G (2014) Estimating human trajectories and hotspots through mobile phone data. Comput Netw 64:296\u2013307.","journal-title":"Comput Netw"},{"issue":"12","key":"245_CR16","first-page":"2","volume":"12","author":"J Howison","year":"2011","unstructured":"Howison, J, Wiggins A, Crowston K (2011) Validity issues in the use of social network analysis with digital trace data. J Assoc Inf Syst 12(12):2.","journal-title":"J Assoc Inf Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"245_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01908075","volume":"2","author":"L Hubert","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hubert, L, Arabie P (1985) Comparing partitions. J Classif 2(1):193\u2013218.","journal-title":"J Classif"},{"key":"245_CR18","first-page":"241","volume":"37","author":"P Jaccard","year":"1901","unstructured":"Jaccard, P (1901) Distribution de la flore alpine dans le bassin des dranses et dans quelques r\u00e9gions voisines. Bull Soc Vaudoise Sci Nat 37:241\u2013272.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Vaudoise Sci Nat"},{"key":"245_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5276","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05276","volume":"4","author":"T Louail","year":"2014","unstructured":"Louail, T, Lenormand M, Ros OGC, Picornell M, Herranz R, Frias-Martinez E, Ramasco JJ, Barthelemy M (2014) From mobile phone data to the spatial structure of cities. Sci Rep 4:5276.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"245_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.010","volume":"102","author":"D Lu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lu, D, Weng Q (2006) Use of impervious surface in urban land-use classification. Remote Sens Environ 102(1-2):146\u2013160.","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"245_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2017.1311556","volume":"24","author":"I Mariotti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mariotti, I, Pacchi C, Di Vita S (2017) Co-working spaces in milan: Location patterns and urban effects. J Urban Technol 24(3):47\u201366.","journal-title":"J Urban Technol"},{"key":"245_CR22","first-page":"95","volume":"2","author":"I Mariotti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mariotti, I, Brouwer AE, Gelormini M (2018) Is milan a city for elderly? mobility for aging in place. Tema J Land Use Mobil Environ 2:95\u2013104.","journal-title":"Tema J Land Use Mobil Environ"},{"key":"245_CR23","unstructured":"Morandi, C (2007) Milan. The great urban transformation. Marsilio."},{"key":"245_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Newman, M (2010) Networks: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199206650.001.0001.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199206650.001.0001"},{"issue":"23","key":"245_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8577","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601602103","volume":"103","author":"ME Newman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Newman, ME (2006) Modularity and community structure in networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103(23):8577\u20138582.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"245_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2014.913794","volume":"28","author":"T Pei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pei, T, Sobolevsky S, Ratti C, Shaw SL, Li T, Zhou C (2014) A new insight into land use classification based on aggregated mobile phone data. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 28(9):1988\u20132007.","journal-title":"Int J Geogr Inf Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"245_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10260-014-0294-3","volume":"24","author":"P Secchi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Secchi, P, Vantini S, Vitelli V (2015) Analysis of spatio-temporal mobile phone data: a case study in the metropolitan area of milan. Stat Methods Appl 24(2):279\u2013300.","journal-title":"Stat Methods Appl"},{"issue":"4","key":"245_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160050505865","volume":"22","author":"M Shaban","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shaban, M, Dikshit O (2001) Improvement of classification in urban areas by the use of textural features: the case study of lucknow city, uttar pradesh. Int J Remote Sens 22(4):565\u2013593.","journal-title":"Int J Remote Sens"},{"issue":"3","key":"245_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","volume":"27","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1948","unstructured":"Shannon, CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J 27(3):379\u2013423.","journal-title":"Bell Syst Tech J"},{"issue":"4148","key":"245_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/163688a0","volume":"163","author":"EH Simpson","year":"1949","unstructured":"Simpson, EH (1949) Measurement of diversity. Nature 163(4148):688.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"245_CR31","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"T S\u00f8rensen","year":"1948","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen, T (1948) A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species and its application to analyses of the vegetation on danish commons. Biol Skr 5:1\u201334.","journal-title":"Biol Skr"},{"issue":"301","key":"245_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500845","volume":"58","author":"JH Ward","year":"1963","unstructured":"Ward, JH (1963) Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. J Am Stat Assoc 58(301):236\u2013244.","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"245_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2307\/1218190","volume":"21","author":"R. H. Whittaker","year":"1972","unstructured":"Whittaker, RH (1972) Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon:213\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1218190.","journal-title":"TAXON"}],"container-title":["Applied Network Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-019-0245-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41109-019-0245-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-019-0245-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T00:06:45Z","timestamp":1609200405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/appliednetsci.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1007\/s41109-019-0245-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41109-019-0245-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2364-8228"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2364-8228"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"128"}}