{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T22:37:16Z","timestamp":1740177436899,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Netw Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Group testing has recently become a matter of vital importance for efficiently and rapidly identifying the spread of Covid-19. In particular, we focus on college towns due to their density, observability, and significance for school reopenings. We propose a novel group testing strategy which requires only local information about the underlying transmission network. By using cellphone data from over 190,000 agents, we construct a mobility network and run extensive data-driven simulations to evaluate the efficacy of four different testing strategies. Our results demonstrate that our group testing method is more effective than three other baseline strategies for reducing disease spread with fewer tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-021-00431-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T12:03:05Z","timestamp":1637755385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A network-based group testing strategy for colleges"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0066-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kavin","family":"Kumaravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Massaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"431_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0931-9","volume":"4","author":"A Aleta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aleta A, Martin-Corral D, y Piontti AP, Ajelli M, Litvinova M, Chinazzi M, Dean NE, Halloran ME, Longini IM Jr, Merler S et al (2020) Modelling the impact of testing, contact tracing and household quarantine on second waves of Covid-19. Nat Hum Behav 4(9):964\u2013971","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"431_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000062","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062","volume":"25","author":"JA Backer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Backer JA, Klinkenberg D, Wallinga J (2020) Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20\u201328 January 2020. Eurosurveillance 25(5):2000062","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"431_CR22","first-page":"66","volume":"6","author":"ES Barrett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barrett ES, Horton DB, Roy J, Gennaro ML, Brooks A, Tischfield J, Greenberg P, Andrews T, Jagpal S, Reilly N et al (2020) Prevalence of sars-cov-2 infection in previously undiagnosed health care workers at the onset of the us Covid-19 epidemic. MedRxiv 6:66","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"431_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bialek S, Boundy E, Bowen V, Chow N, Cohn A, Dowling N, Ellington S, Covid CD, Team R, COVID C, Team R, COVID C, Team R, et\u00a0al. (2020) Severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19)\u2014United States, February 12\u2013march 16, 2020. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 69(12):343\u2013346","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6912e2"},{"key":"431_CR19","unstructured":"Bureau U.C. (2017) American Community Survey Information Guide. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/acs\/about\/information-guide.html Accessed 5 June 2021"},{"issue":"7840","key":"431_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2923-3","volume":"589","author":"S Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang S, Pierson E, Koh PW, Gerardin J, Redbird B, Grusky D, Leskovec J (2021) Mobility network models of Covid-19 explain inequities and inform reopening. Nature 589(7840):82\u201387","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"431_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"66","author":"MK Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen MK, Haggag K, Pope DG, Rohla R (2019) Racial disparities in voting wait times: evidence from smartphone data. Rev Econ Stat 66:1\u201327","journal-title":"Rev Econ Stat"},{"issue":"9","key":"431_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12948","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012948","volume":"5","author":"NA Christakis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Christakis NA, Fowler JH (2010) Social network sensors for early detection of contagious outbreaks. PLoS ONE 5(9):12948","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"431_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.91.247901","volume":"91","author":"R Cohen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cohen R, Havlin S, ben-Avraham D (2003) Efficient immunization strategies for computer networks and populations. Phys Rev Lett 91:247901","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"431_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n208","volume":"372","author":"A Crozier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crozier A, Rajan S, Buchan I, McKee M (2021) Put to the test: use of rapid testing technologies for Covid-19. BMJ 372:208","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"431_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.257188","volume":"98","author":"A Deckert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deckert A, B\u00e4rnighausen T, Kyei NN (2020) Simulation of pooled-sample analysis strategies for Covid-19 mass testing. Bull World Health Organ 98(9):590","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"431_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104382","volume":"128","author":"JN Eberhardt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eberhardt JN, Breuckmann NP, Eberhardt CS (2020) Multi-stage group testing improves efficiency of large-scale Covid-19 screening. J Clin Virol 128:104382","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"431_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104381","volume":"127","author":"A Eis-H\u00fcbinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eis-H\u00fcbinger A, H\u00f6nemann M, Wenzel J, Berger A, Widera M, Schmidt B, Aldabbagh S, Marx B, Streeck H, Ciesek S, Liebert U, Huzly D, Hengel H, Panninge M (2020) Ad hoc laboratory-based surveillance of sars-cov-2 by real-time rt-pcr using minipools of rna prepared from routine respiratory samples. J Clin Virol 127:104381","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"24","key":"431_CR3","first-page":"66","volume":"4","author":"C Gollier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gollier C, Gossner O (2020) Group testing against Covid-19. Econ Pol Policy Brief 4(24):66","journal-title":"Econ Pol Policy Brief"},{"key":"431_CR20","first-page":"66","volume":"41","author":"Q Jing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jing Q, Li Y, Ma M, Gu Y, Li K, Ma Y, Wu D, Wu Y, Luo L, Zhang Z (2020) Contagiousness and secondary attack rate of 2019 novel coronavirus based on cluster epidemics of Covid-19 in Guangzhou. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi 41:66","journal-title":"Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi"},{"issue":"4","key":"431_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0249726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249726","volume":"16","author":"K Klise","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klise K, Beyeler W, Finley P, Makvandi M (2021) Analysis of mobility data to build contact networks for Covid-19. PLoS ONE 16(4):0249726","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"431_CR13","first-page":"66","volume":"6","author":"R Levin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Levin R, Chao DL, Wenger EA, Proctor JL (2020) Cell phone mobility data reveals heterogeneity in stay-at-home behavior during the sars-cov-2 pandemic. medRxiv 6:66","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"431_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"H Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu H, Weintz C, Pace J, Indana D, Linka K, Kuhl E (2020) Are college campuses superspreaders? A data-driven modeling study. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng 6:1\u201311","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"431_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2016818","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.16818","volume":"3","author":"AD Paltiel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paltiel AD, Zheng A, Walensky RP (2020) Assessment of sars-cov-2 screening strategies to permit the safe reopening of college campuses in the United States. JAMA Netw Open 3(7):2016818","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"431_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"013163","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.3.013163","volume":"3","author":"A Reyna-Lara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reyna-Lara A, Soriano-Pa\u00f1os D, G\u00f3mez S, Granell C, Matamalas JT, Steinegger B, Arenas A, G\u00f3mez-Garde\u00f1es J (2021) Virus spread versus contact tracing: two competing contagion processes. Phys Rev Res 3(1):013163","journal-title":"Phys Rev Res"},{"issue":"20","key":"431_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","volume":"323","author":"S Richardson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, Davidson KW, Barnaby DP, Becker LB, Chelico JD, Cohen SL et al (2020) Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with Covid-19 in the New York City area. JAMA 323(20):2052\u20132059","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"51","key":"431_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22020","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009094108","volume":"107","author":"M Salath\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Salath\u00e9 M, Kazandjieva M, Lee JW, Levis P, Feldman MW, Jones JH (2010) A high-resolution human contact network for infectious disease transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(51):22020\u201322025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"431_CR28","unstructured":"Services HUH (2020) Viral testing as part of campus reopening. https:\/\/huhs.harvard.edu\/viral-testing Accessed 5 June 2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"431_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-020-00475-6","volume":"26","author":"S SeyedAlinaghi","year":"2021","unstructured":"SeyedAlinaghi S, Abbasian L, Solduzian M, Yazdi NA, Jafari F, Adibimehr A, Farahani A, Khaneshan AS, Alavijeh PE, Jahani Z et al (2021) Predictors of the prolonged recovery period in Covid-19 patients: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Med Res 26(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"431_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaa232","volume":"113","author":"K Shah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shah K, Saxena D, Mavalankar D (2020) Secondary attack rate of Covid-19 in household contacts: a systematic review. QJM Int J Med 113(12):841\u2013850","journal-title":"QJM Int J Med"},{"key":"431_CR29","unstructured":"U of Illinois\u00a0Urbana-Champaign (2020) On-campus COVID-19 testing. https:\/\/covid19.illinois.edu\/health-and-support\/on-campus-covid-19-testin g\/#whoshouldtest Accessed 5 June 2021"},{"key":"431_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.20027","volume":"324","author":"H Walke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walke H, Honein M, Redfield R (2020) Preventing and responding to Covid-19 on college campuses. JAMA 324:1727\u20131728","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"32","key":"431_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11157","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501226102","volume":"102","author":"DJ Watts","year":"2005","unstructured":"Watts DJ, Muhamad R, Medina DC, Dodds PS (2005) Multiscale, resurgent epidemics in a hierarchical metapopulation model. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102(32):11157\u201311162","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"431_CR7","unstructured":"Wee S-L, Wang V (2020) Here\u2019s how wuhan tested 6.5 million for coronavirus in days. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/05\/26\/world\/asia\/coronavirus-wuhan-tests.htm l. Accessed 5 June 2021"}],"container-title":["Applied Network Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-021-00431-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41109-021-00431-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-021-00431-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T12:23:08Z","timestamp":1637756588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/appliednetsci.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1007\/s41109-021-00431-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41109-021-00431-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2364-8228"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2364-8228"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"93"}}