{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T05:33:46Z","timestamp":1759815226753,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001831","name":"Technische Universiteit Delft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Covid-19 Response Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Covid-19 Response Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Netw Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Progress has been made in how to suppress epidemic spreading on temporal networks via blocking all contacts of targeted nodes or node pairs. In this work, we develop contact blocking strategies that remove a fraction of contacts from a temporal (time evolving) human contact network to mitigate the spread of a Susceptible-Infected-Recovered epidemic. We define the probability that a contact <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>,\u00a0<jats:italic>j<\/jats:italic>,\u00a0<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>) is removed as a function of a given centrality metric of the corresponding link <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>,\u00a0<jats:italic>j<\/jats:italic>) in the aggregated network and the time <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> of the contact. The aggregated network captures the number of contacts between each node pair. A set of 12 link centrality metrics have been proposed and each centrality metric leads to a unique contact removal strategy. These strategies together with a baseline strategy (random removal) are evaluated in empirical contact networks via the average prevalence, the peak prevalence and the time to reach the peak prevalence. We find that the epidemic spreading can be mitigated the best when contacts between node pairs that have fewer contacts and early contacts are more likely to be removed. A strategy tends to perform better when the average number contacts removed from each node pair varies less. The aggregated pruned network resulted from the best contact removal strategy tends to have a large largest eigenvalue, a large modularity and probably a small largest connected component size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-021-00436-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T09:02:24Z","timestamp":1641459744000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mitigate SIR epidemic spreading via contact blocking in temporal networks"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shilun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xunyi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2684-4407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huijuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"436_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248701","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.248701","volume":"114","author":"N Antulov-Fantulin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Antulov-Fantulin N, Lan\u010di\u0107 A, \u0160muc T, \u0160tefan\u010di\u0107 H, \u0160iki\u0107 M (2015) Identification of patient zero in static and temporal networks: robustness and limitations. Phys Rev Lett 114(24):248701","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"10","key":"436_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2008\/10\/P10008","volume":"2008","author":"VD Blondel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blondel VD, Guillaume J-L, Lambiotte R, Lefebvre E (2008) Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. J Stat Mech Theory Exp 2008(10):10008","journal-title":"J Stat Mech Theory Exp"},{"issue":"4","key":"436_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-005-0046-3","volume":"10","author":"N Eagle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Eagle N, Pentland AS (2006) Reality mining: sensing complex social systems. Pers Ubiquit Comput 10(4):255\u2013268","journal-title":"Pers Ubiquit Comput"},{"issue":"9","key":"436_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107878","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107878","volume":"9","author":"J Fournet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fournet J, Barrat A (2014) Contact patterns among high school students. PLoS ONE 9(9):107878","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"436_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2011-20129-7","volume":"85","author":"X Ge","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ge X, Wang H (2012) Community overlays upon real-world complex networks. Eur Phys J B 85(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"Eur Phys J B"},{"issue":"1","key":"436_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0695-9","volume":"14","author":"V Gemmetto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gemmetto V, Barrat A, Cattuto C (2014) Mitigation of infectious disease at school: targeted class closure vs school closure. BMC Infect Dis 14(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"436_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1017\/nws.2015.10","volume":"3","author":"M G\u00e9nois","year":"2015","unstructured":"G\u00e9nois M, Vestergaard CL, Fournet J, Panisson A, Bonmarin I, Barrat A (2015) Data on face-to-face contacts in an office building suggest a low-cost vaccination strategy based on community linkers. Netw Sci 3(3):326\u2013347","journal-title":"Netw Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"436_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2012.03.001","volume":"519","author":"P Holme","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holme P, Saram\u00e4ki J (2012) Temporal networks. Phys Rep 519(3):97\u2013125","journal-title":"Phys Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"436_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.83.025102","volume":"83","author":"M Karsai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karsai M, Kivel\u00e4 M, Pan RK, Kaski K, Kert\u00e9sz J, Barab\u00e1si A-L, Saram\u00e4ki J (2011) Small but slow world: How network topology and burstiness slow down spreading. Phys Rev E 83(2):025102","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"436_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunegis J (2013) Konect: the koblenz network collection. In: Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on world wide web, pp 1343\u20131350","DOI":"10.1145\/2487788.2488173"},{"issue":"23","key":"436_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8577","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601602103","volume":"103","author":"ME Newman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Newman ME (2006) Modularity and community structure in networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103(23):8577\u20138582","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"436_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198805090.001.0001","volume-title":"Networks","author":"M Newman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Newman M (2018) Networks, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford","edition":"2"},{"key":"436_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ottaviano S, De\u00a0Pellegrini F, Bonaccorsi S, Mugnolo D, Van\u00a0Mieghem P (2019) Community networks with equitable partitions. In: Multilevel strategic interaction game models for complex networks. Springer, Berlin, pp 111\u2013129","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-24455-2_6"},{"issue":"3","key":"436_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.87.925","volume":"87","author":"R Pastor-Satorras","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pastor-Satorras R, Castellano C, Van Mieghem P, Vespignani A (2015) Epidemic processes in complex networks. Rev Mod Phys 87(3):925","journal-title":"Rev Mod Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"436_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2017.2709786","volume":"4","author":"B Qu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qu B, Wang H (2017) Sis epidemic spreading with heterogeneous infection rates. IEEE Trans Netw Sci Eng 4(3):177\u2013186","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Netw Sci Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"436_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"061911","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.84.061911","volume":"84","author":"CM Schneider","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schneider CM, Mihaljev T, Havlin S, Herrmann HJ (2011) Suppressing epidemics with a limited amount of immunization units. Phys Rev E 84(6):061911","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"issue":"1","key":"436_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6024","volume":"5","author":"I Scholtes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scholtes I, Wider N, Pfitzner R, Garas A, Tessone CJ, Schweitzer F (2014) Causality-driven slow-down and speed-up of diffusion in non-markovian temporal networks. Nat Commun 5(1):1\u20139","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"436_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2008.925623","volume":"17","author":"P Van Mieghem","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van Mieghem P, Omic J, Kooij R (2008) Virus spread in networks. IEEE\/ACM Trans Netw 17(1):1\u201314","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans Netw"},{"issue":"4","key":"436_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046105","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.77.046105","volume":"77","author":"H Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang H, Hernandez JM, Van Mieghem P (2008) Betweenness centrality in a weighted network. Phys Rev E 77(4):046105","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"issue":"2","key":"436_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"022801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.88.022801","volume":"88","author":"H Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang H, Li Q, D\u2019Agostino G, Havlin S, Stanley HE, Van Mieghem P (2013) Effect of the interconnected network structure on the epidemic threshold. Phys Rev E 88(2):022801","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"436_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan X-X, Hanjalic A, Wang H (2019) Suppressing information diffusion via link blocking in temporal networks. In: International conference on complex networks and their applications. Springer, pp 448\u2013458","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36687-2_37"},{"issue":"5","key":"436_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2017.2743003","volume":"50","author":"Y-Q Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang Y-Q, Li X, Vasilakos AV (2017) Spectral analysis of epidemic thresholds of temporal networks. IEEE Trans Cybernet 50(5):1965\u20131977","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybernet"},{"key":"436_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao X, Wang H (2020) Suppressing epidemic spreading via contact blocking in temporal networks. In: International conference on complex networks and their applications. Springer, pp 444\u2013454","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65347-7_37"},{"issue":"5","key":"436_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056109","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.83.056109","volume":"83","author":"K Zhao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhao K, Stehl\u00e9 J, Bianconi G, Barrat A (2011) Social network dynamics of face-to-face interactions. Phys Rev E 83(5):056109","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"}],"container-title":["Applied Network Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-021-00436-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41109-021-00436-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-021-00436-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T09:03:19Z","timestamp":1641459799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/appliednetsci.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1007\/s41109-021-00436-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41109-021-00436-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2364-8228"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2364-8228"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2"}}