{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T21:15:51Z","timestamp":1757452551712,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647216000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Netw Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this paper is the identification of the most harmful malicious attacks in a smart grid with basis on the removal of buses in a particular sequence. For that, we define the Electrical Most Damaging Element (EMDE) and the Iterated Centrality Measure (ICM). The EMDE is the element that leads to the largest unsatisfied load increase after removed, in the current state of the smart grid. The ICM is a meaningful scaled centrality for iterated attacks. Attack strategies such as the IEMDE (Iterated Electrical Most Damaging Element) and the Iterated Most Central Element (IMCE) are proposed as references for evaluating the impact of failure sequences by comparison. For each fault strategy approach, the vulnerability curves as well as a scalability analysis are presented. It is demonstrated that the IEMDE approximated the <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$N-k-\\varepsilon$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:mrow>\n                    <mml:mi>N<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>k<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                    <mml:mi>\u03b5<\/mml:mi>\n                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> algorithm, but with reduced computational expense. Furthermore, the IMCE approach provided an efficient fault profile close to the performance of the IEMDE. Although this framework is applied in this paper to failures in buses, it can similarly be applied to other elements. Future research will be focused in applying these concepts to transmission lines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-022-00451-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T10:02:35Z","timestamp":1647252155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Empirical framework for identification of the most harmful malicious attacks on a smart grid"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9004-9718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiman J.","family":"Albarakati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marwan","family":"Bikdash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"451_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2018.11.019","volume":"183","author":"A Abedi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abedi A, Gaudard L, Romerio F (2019) Review of major approaches to analyze vulnerability in power system. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 183:153\u2013172","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"451_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"I Adebayo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adebayo I, Jimoh A, Yusuff A (2018) Techniques for the identification of critical nodes leading to voltage collapse in a power system. Int J Emerg Electr Power Syst 19(2):1\u201314","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Electr Power Syst"},{"key":"451_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal PK, Efrat A, Ganjugunte SK, Hay D, Sankararaman S, Zussman G (2010) Network vulnerability to single, multiple, and probabilistic physical attacks. In: Proceedings of the military communication conference, San Jose, CA, USA, pp 1824\u20131829","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2010.5679556"},{"key":"451_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.69.025103","volume":"69","author":"R Albert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Albert R, Albert I, Nakarado GL (2004) Structural vulnerability of the North American power grid. Phys Rev E 69:4","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"451_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"013119","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3077229","volume":"19","author":"S Arianos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Arianos S, Bompard E, Carbone A, Xue F (2009) Power grids vulnerability: a complex network approach. Chaos 19:013119","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"issue":"2","key":"451_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2005.846198","volume":"20","author":"JM Arroyo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arroyo JM, Galiana FD (2005) On the solution of the bilevel programming formulation of the terrorist threat problem. IEEE Trans Power Syst 20(2):789\u2013797","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"451_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2010.2042310","volume":"25","author":"JM Arroyo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arroyo JM, Alguacil N, Carrion M (2010) A risk-based approach for transmission network expansion planning under deliberate outages. IEEE Trans Power Syst 25(3):1759\u20131766","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"451_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2012.2223512","volume":"7","author":"EI Bilis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bilis EI, Kroger W, Nan C (2013) Performance of electric power systems under physical malicious attacks. IEEE Syst J 7(4):854\u2013865","journal-title":"IEEE Syst J"},{"issue":"4","key":"451_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2012.2223512","volume":"7","author":"EI Bilis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bilis EI, Kroger W, Nan C (2013) Performance of electric power systems under physical malicious attacks. IEEE Syst J 7(4):854\u2013865","journal-title":"IEEE Syst J"},{"issue":"5","key":"451_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2009.2020687","volume":"39","author":"E Bompard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bompard E et al (2009) Risk assessment of malicious attacks against power systems. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern A Syst Hum 39(5):1074\u20131085","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern A Syst Hum"},{"issue":"8","key":"451_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/etep.274","volume":"18","author":"E Bompard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bompard E, Napoli R, Xue F (2008) Vulnerability of interconnected power systems to malicious attacks under limited information. Eur Trans Electr Power 18(8):820\u2013834","journal-title":"Eur Trans Electr Power"},{"key":"451_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bompard E, Wu D, Xue F (2010) The concept of betweenness in the analysis of power grid vulnerability. In: Proceedings of the complexity engineering, Rome, Italy, pp 52\u201354","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPENG.2010.10"},{"key":"451_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2012.04.007","volume":"90","author":"C Brancucci Martinez-Anido","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brancucci Martinez-Anido C, Boladoa R, De Vriesb L, Fulli G, Vandenbergh M, Masera M (2012) European power grid reliability indicators, what do they really tell? Electr Power Syst Res 90:79\u201384","journal-title":"Electr Power Syst Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"451_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110586109","volume":"109","author":"CD Brummitt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brummitt CD, DaSouza RM, Leicht EA (2012) Suppressing cascades of load in interdependent networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(12):E680\u2013E689","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"451_CR15","unstructured":"Chen RL, Cohn A, Fan N, Pinar A (2012) \u201c$$N-k-\\varepsilon$$\u201d survivable power system design. In: Proceedings of the international conference on probability methods applied to power systems, pp 459\u2013464"},{"issue":"5","key":"451_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2014.2301691","volume":"29","author":"R Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen R, Cohn A, Fan N, Pinar A (2014) Contingency-risk informed power system design. IEEE Trans Power Syst 29(5):2087\u20132096","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"key":"451_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2013.04.003","volume":"101","author":"GJ Correa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Correa GJ, Yusta JM (2013) Grid vulnerability analysis based on scale-free graphs versus power flow models. Electr Power Syst Res 101:71\u201379","journal-title":"Electr Power Syst Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"451_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9211","DOI":"10.3390\/en8099211","volume":"8","author":"L Cuadra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cuadra L, Salcedo-Sanz S, Del Ser J, Jimenez-Fernandez S, Geem ZW (2015) A critical review of robustness in power grids using complex networks concepts. Energies 8(9):9211\u20139265","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"451_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2019.106140","volume":"180","author":"H Davarikia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davarikia H, Barati M, Al-Assad M, Chan Y (2020) A novel approach in strategic planning of power networks against physical attacks. Electr Power Syst Res 180:106140","journal-title":"Electr Power Syst Res"},{"key":"451_CR20","unstructured":"David JE (2014) Double threat: US grid vulnerable on two fronts. http:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/"},{"key":"451_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehbaoui A, Lomne V, Maurine P, Torres L, Robert M (2009) Enhancing electromagnetic attacks using spectral coherence based cartography. In: Presented at the international conferenec, VLSI (VLSI-SoC), Florianopolis, Brazil","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSISOC.2009.6041323"},{"key":"451_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duman O, Zhang M, Wang L, Debbabi M (2017) Measuring the security posture of IEC 61850 substations with redundancy against zero day attacks. In: IEEE international conference on smart grid communications (SmartGridComm), pp 108\u2013114","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartGridComm.2017.8340727"},{"key":"451_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.29.062403.102238","volume":"29","author":"AE Farrell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Farrell AE, Zerriffi H, Dowlatabadi H (2004) Energy infrastructure and security. Annu Rev Environ Resour 29:421\u2013469","journal-title":"Annu Rev Environ Resour"},{"issue":"1","key":"451_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/en10010087","volume":"10","author":"J Guo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guo J, Han Y, Guo C, Lou F, Wang Y (2017) Modeling and vulnerability analysis of cyber-physical power systems considering network topology and power flow properties. Energies 10(1):87","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"3","key":"451_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jart.2015.07.008","volume":"13","author":"H Hashemi-Dezaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hashemi-Dezaki H, Askarian-Abyaneh H, Haeri-Khiavi H (2015) Reliability optimization of electrical distribution systems using internal loops to minimize energy not-supplied (ENS). J Appl Res Technol 13(3):416\u2013424","journal-title":"J Appl Res Technol"},{"key":"451_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawrylak PJ, Haney M, Papa M, Hale J (2012) Using hybrid attack graphs to model cyber-physical attacks in the smart grid. In: Proceedings of the 5th international symposium on resilient control systems, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, pp 161\u2013164","DOI":"10.1109\/ISRCS.2012.6309311"},{"issue":"1","key":"451_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cps.2016.0019","volume":"1","author":"H He","year":"2016","unstructured":"He H, Yan J (2016) Cyber-physical attacks and defences in the smart grid: a survey. IET Cyber-Phys Syst Theory Appl 1(1):13\u201327","journal-title":"IET Cyber-Phys Syst Theory Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"451_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2006.889080","volume":"22","author":"AJ Holmgren","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holmgren AJ, Jenelius E, Westin J (2007) Evaluating strategies for defending electric power networks against antagonistic attacks. IEEE Trans Power Syst 22(1):76\u201384","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"key":"451_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jian Z, Shi L, Yao L, Masoud B (2013) Electric grid vulnerability assessment under attack-defense scenario based on game theory. In: IEEE PES Asia\u2013Pacific power and energy engineering conference (APPEEC), pp 1\u20135","DOI":"10.1109\/APPEEC.2013.6837197"},{"key":"451_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2005-00237-9","volume":"46","author":"R Kinney","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kinney R, Crucitti P, Albert R, Latora V (2005) Modeling cascading failures in the North American power grid. Eur Phys J B 46:101\u2013107","journal-title":"Eur Phys J B"},{"key":"451_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu X, Ren K, Yuan Y, Li Z, Wang Q (2013) Optimal budget deployment strategy against power grid interdiction. In: Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM, Turin, Italy, pp 1160\u20131168","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2013.6566907"},{"key":"451_CR32","unstructured":"MATLAB. http:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"451_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s40518-018-0094-8","volume":"5","author":"S Mehrdad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mehrdad S, Mousavian S, Madraki G, Dvorkin Y (2018) Cyber-physical resilience of electrical power systems against malicious attacks: a review. Curr Sustain Energy Rep 5(1):14\u201322","journal-title":"Curr Sustain Energy Rep"},{"key":"451_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16211-4","volume-title":"Power grid complexity","author":"S Mei","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mei S, Zhang X, Cao M (2011) Power grid complexity. Springer"},{"key":"451_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyur R (2020) A Bayesian attack tree based approach to assess cyber-physical security of power system. In: 2020 IEEE Texas power energy conference, TPEC 2020, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEC48276.2020.9042529"},{"key":"451_CR36","unstructured":"Mijuskovic N (2000) Serbia restoration after war damages May-99. Presented at the CIGRE Session, SC 39 workshop on large disturbances"},{"key":"451_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasiruzzaman ABM, Pota HR, Anwar A (2012) Comparative study of power grid centrality measures using complex network framework. In: IEEE international power engineering and optimization conference Melaka, Malaysia, pp 176\u2013181","DOI":"10.1109\/PEOCO.2012.6230856"},{"key":"451_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasiruzzaman ABM, Pota HR, Mahmud MA (2011) Application of centrality measures of complex network framework in power grid. In: IECON 2011\u201437th annual conjerence on IEEE industrial electronics society, pp 4660\u20134665","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2011.6120079"},{"key":"451_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasiruzzaman ABM, Pota HR, Mahmud MA, Islam F (2012) Modified centrality measure based on bidirectional power flow for smart and bulk power transmission grid. In: Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE international power engineering and optimization conference (PEDCO), Melaka, Malaysia, 6\u20137 June 2012, pp 159\u2013164","DOI":"10.1109\/PEOCO.2012.6230853"},{"key":"451_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasiruzzaman ABM, Pota HR (2011) Transient stability assessment of smart power system using complex networks framework. In: IEEE power and energy society general meeting, San Diego, CA, pp 1\u20137","DOI":"10.1109\/PES.2011.6038970"},{"key":"451_CR41","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Implementation of bidirectional power flow based centrality measure in bulk and smart power transmission systems","author":"ABM Nasiruzzaman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nasiruzzaman ABM, Pota HR, Barik MA (2012) Implementation of bidirectional power flow based centrality measure in bulk and smart power transmission systems. IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, pp 1\u20136"},{"key":"451_CR42","unstructured":"National Research Council (2002) Making the nation safer: the role of science and technology in countering terrorism. National Academies Press"},{"key":"451_CR43","unstructured":"NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0. NIST Special Publication 1108, January 2010. http:\/\/www.nist.gov\/public_affairs\/releases\/smartgrid_interoperability_final.pdf"},{"key":"451_CR44","unstructured":"Office of Technology Assessment (1979) The effects of nuclear war. U.S. Congress"},{"issue":"February","key":"451_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2017.03.031","volume":"165","author":"M Ouyang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ouyang M, Xu M, Zhang C, Huang S (2017) Mitigating electric power system vulnerability to worst-case spatially localized attacks. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 165(February):144\u2013154","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"451_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panigrahi P (2017) Vulnerability analysis of weighted Indian power grid network based on complex network theory. In: 2017 14th IEEE India council international conference (INDICON), pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/INDICON.2017.8487727"},{"key":"451_CR47","unstructured":"Parfomak PW (2004) Pipeline security: an overview of federal activites and current policy issues. Congressional Research Service, Rep. RL31990"},{"issue":"11","key":"451_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12781","volume":"37","author":"R Piccinelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Piccinelli R, Sansavini G, Lucchetti R, Zio E (2017) A general framework for the assessment of power system vulnerability to malicious attacks. Risk Anal 37(11):2182\u20132190","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"451_CR49","unstructured":"Platts (2014) GIS data. www.platts.com"},{"issue":"4","key":"451_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envhaz.2007.10.001","volume":"7","author":"A Rose","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rose A (2007) Economic resilience to natural and man-made disasters: multidisciplinary origins and contextual dimensions. Environ Hazards 7(4):383\u2013398","journal-title":"Environ Hazards"},{"issue":"2","key":"451_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2004.825888","volume":"19","author":"J Salmeron","year":"2004","unstructured":"Salmeron J, Wood K, Baldick R (2004) Analysis of electric grid security under terrorist threat. IEEE Trans Power Syst 19(2):905\u2013912","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"key":"451_CR52","first-page":"238","volume-title":"Utility security: a new paradigm","author":"KA Seger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seger KA (2004) Utility security: a new paradigm. PennWell, p 238"},{"key":"451_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun Y, Yang D, Meng L, Gao X, Hu B (2018) Universal framework for vulnerability assessment of power grid based on complex networks. In: The 30th Chinese control an decision conference (2018 CCDC), pp 136\u2013141","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC.2018.8407119"},{"issue":"2","key":"451_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2014.2372315","volume":"6","author":"C Vellaithurai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vellaithurai C, Srivastava A, Zonouz S, Berthier R (2015) CPIndex: cyber-physical vulnerability assessment for power-grid infrastructures. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 6(2):566\u2013575","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Smart Grid"},{"issue":"6","key":"451_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2009.01.004","volume":"94","author":"A Volkanovski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Volkanovski A, Eepin M, Mavko B (2009) Application of the fault tree analysis for the power system reliability. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 94(6):1116-1127J","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"4","key":"451_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2016.2628877","volume":"32","author":"C Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang C et al (2017) Robust defense strategy for gas-electric systems against malicious attacks. IEEE Trans Power Syst 32(4):2953\u20132965","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"key":"451_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2009.02.002","volume":"47","author":"J Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang J, Rong L (2009) Cascade-based attack vulnerability on the US power grid. Saf Sci 47:1332\u20131336","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"451_CR58","unstructured":"Wang W, Cai Q, Sun Y, He H (2011) Risk-aware attacks and catastrophic cascading failures in U.S. power grid. In: Proceedings of the IEEE GLOBECOM"},{"issue":"4","key":"451_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s12667-019-00345-z","volume":"11","author":"W Yuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuan W, Zeng B (2020) Cost-effective power grid protection through defender\u2013attacker\u2013defender model with corrective network topology control. Energy Syst 11(4):811\u2013837","journal-title":"Energy Syst"},{"issue":"18","key":"451_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.3390\/en12183439","volume":"12","author":"H Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang H, Peng M, Guerrero JM, Gao X, Liu Y (2019) Modelling and vulnerability analysis of cyber-physical power systems based on interdependent networks. Energies 12(18):3439","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"12","key":"451_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3274","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2013.2295814","volume":"25","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Yan J, Sun Y, He H (2014) Revealing cascading failure vulnerability in power grids using risk-graph. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 25(12):3274\u20133284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TPDS.2013.2295814","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst"},{"key":"451_CR62","unstructured":"Zimmerman RD, Murillo-Sanchez CE, Thomas RJ (2015) Matpower v5.1 user\u2019s manual"}],"container-title":["Applied Network Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-022-00451-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41109-022-00451-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-022-00451-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T10:04:13Z","timestamp":1647252253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/appliednetsci.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1007\/s41109-022-00451-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["451"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41109-022-00451-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2364-8228"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2364-8228"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"13"}}