{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T22:37:18Z","timestamp":1740177438710,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"cnrs","award":["DOOM, 80 PRIME MITI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOOM, 80 PRIME MITI"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Netw Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this paper, we investigate the process of scientific discovery using an under-exploited source of information: the Polymath projects. Polymath projects are an original attempt to solve a series mathematical problems collectively and in a collaborative online environment. To investigate the Polymath experiment, we analyze all the posts related to the projects that have resulted in a peer-reviewed publication. We focus in particular on the organization of the scientific labor and on the innovations that result from the contributions of the different authors. We find that a high presence of occasional contributors increases the productivity of the most active users and the overall productivity of the forums (i.e., the number of posts grows super-linearly with the number of contributors). We argue that, in large-scale collaborations, the serendipitous interaction between occasional contributors can be crucial to the scientific process, and individual contributions from occasional participants can open new directions of research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-022-00456-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T23:04:00Z","timestamp":1648508640000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Distribution of labor, productivity and innovation in collaborative science"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9813-1815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Floriana","family":"Gargiulo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Castaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Venturini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Frasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"456_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/1043463109336804","volume":"21","author":"D Anthony","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anthony D, Smith SW, Williamson T (2009) Reputation and reliability in collective goods: the case of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. Ration Soc 21(3):283\u2013306","journal-title":"Ration Soc"},{"key":"456_CR2","volume-title":"Linked: how everything is connected to everything else and what it means for business, science, and everyday life","author":"A Barabasi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barabasi A (2003) Linked: how everything is connected to everything else and what it means for business, science, and everyday life. Plume Books, New York"},{"key":"456_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barany MJ (2010) \u2019[b]ut this is blog maths and we\u2019re free to make up conventions as we go along\u2019: Polymath1 and the modalities of \u2019massively collaborative mathematics\u2019. In: Proceedings of the 6th international symposium on wikis and open collaboration. WikiSym \u201910. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA","DOI":"10.1145\/1832772.1832786"},{"issue":"1","key":"456_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12809-y","volume":"10","author":"A Bassolas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bassolas A, Barbosa-Filho H, Dickinson B, Dotiwalla X, Eastham P, Gallotti R, Ghoshal G, Gipson B, Hazarie SA, Kautz H, Kucuktunc O, Lieber A, Sadilek A, Ramasco JJ (2019) Hierarchical organization of urban mobility and its connection with city livability. Nat Commun 10(1):4817","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"456_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2008\/10\/P10008","volume":"2008","author":"VD Blondel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blondel VD, Guillaume J-L, Lambiotte R, Lefebvre E (2008) Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. J Stat Mech: Theory Exp 2008(10):10008","journal-title":"J Stat Mech: Theory Exp"},{"key":"456_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciampaglia GL, Vancheri A (2010) Empirical analysis of user participation in online communities: the case of wikipedia. ICWSM 4(1)","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v4i1.14068"},{"key":"456_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cranshaw J, Kittur A (2011) The polymath project: Lessons from a successful online collaboration in mathematics. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. CHI \u201911, pp 1865\u20131874. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979213"},{"issue":"10","key":"456_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20870","volume":"59","author":"D Fallis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fallis D (2008) Toward an epistemology of Wikipedia. J Am Soc Inform Sci Technol 59(10):1662\u20131674","journal-title":"J Am Soc Inform Sci Technol"},{"issue":"7266","key":"456_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/461879a","volume":"461","author":"T Gowers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gowers T, Nielsen M (2009) Massively collaborative mathematics. Nature 461(7266):879\u2013881","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"456_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-012-9165-3","volume":"21","author":"A Grasso","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grasso A, Convertino G (2012) Collective intelligence in organizations: tools and studies. Comput Supp Cooper Work (CSCW) 21(4):357\u2013369","journal-title":"Comput Supp Cooper Work (CSCW)"},{"key":"456_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzman E, Az\u00f3car D, Li Y (2014) Sentiment analysis of commit comments in GitHub: an empirical study. In: Proceedings of the 11th working conference on mining software repositories. MSR 2014, pp 352\u2013355. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA","DOI":"10.1145\/2597073.2597118"},{"key":"456_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195121049.001.0001","volume-title":"Investigations","author":"SA Kauffman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kauffman SA (2000) Investigations. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"456_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kittur A, Kraut RE (2008) Harnessing the wisdom of crowds in wikipedia: quality through coordination. In: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work. CSCW \u201908, pp 37\u201346. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA","DOI":"10.1145\/1460563.1460572"},{"key":"456_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kloumann IM, Tan C, Kleinberg J, Lee L(2016) Internet collaboration on extremely difficult problems: research versus olympiad questions on the polymath site. In: Proceedings of the 25th international conference on world wide web, pp 1283\u20131292","DOI":"10.1145\/2872427.2883023"},{"key":"456_CR15","unstructured":"Lists of mathematics topics on Wikipedia. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lists_of_mathematics_topics, visited on 2021-03-31"},{"key":"456_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maillart T, Sornette D, Spaeth S, Krogh G (2008) Empirical tests of Zipf\u2019s law mechanism in open source linux distribution. Phys Rev Lett 101:218701","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.101.218701"},{"issue":"3","key":"456_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2307\/2095356","volume":"52","author":"JM McPherson","year":"1987","unstructured":"McPherson JM, Smith-Lovin L (1987) Homophily in voluntary organizations: status distance and the composition of face-to-face groups. Am Sociol Rev 52(3):370\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2095356","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"issue":"3810","key":"456_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1126\/science.159.3810.56","volume":"159","author":"RK Merton","year":"1968","unstructured":"Merton RK (1968) The Matthew effect in science. The reward and communication systems of science are considered. Science 159(3810):56\u201363","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"456_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt7s4vx","volume-title":"Reinventing discovery","author":"M Nielsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nielsen M (2011) Reinventing discovery. Princeton University Press, Princeton"},{"key":"456_CR20","unstructured":"Pease A, Martin U (2012) Seventy four minutes of mathematics: an analysis of the third Mini-Polymath project. In: AISB\/IACAP World Congress 2012: symposium on mathematical practice and cognition II, part of Alan Turing Year 2012, pp 19\u201329"},{"issue":"3","key":"456_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2013.04.006","volume":"35","author":"C Roth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roth C, Gargiulo F, Bring\u00e9 A, Hamberger K (2013) Random alliance networks. Soc Netw 35(3):394\u2013405","journal-title":"Soc Netw"},{"issue":"8","key":"456_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103023","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103023","volume":"9","author":"D Sornette","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sornette D, Maillart T, Ghezzi G (2014) How much is the whole really more than the sum of its parts? 1 $$\\boxplus$$ 1 = 2.5: superlinear productivity in collective group actions. PLoS ONE 9(8):103023","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"456_CR23","unstructured":"Straub VJ, Tsvetkova M, Yasseri T (2021) The cost of coordination can exceed the benefit of collaboration in performing complex tasks. arXiv: 2009.11038"},{"key":"456_CR24","unstructured":"Terence Tao\u2019s blog. https:\/\/terrytao.wordpress.com, visited on 2021-03-31"},{"key":"456_CR25","unstructured":"The Polymath blog. https:\/\/polymathprojects.org, visited on 2021-03-31"},{"key":"456_CR26","unstructured":"The Polymath Wiki. https:\/\/asone.ai\/polymath\/index.php?title=Main_Page, visited on 2021-03-31"},{"key":"456_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thung F, Bissyande TF, Lo D, Jiang L (2013) Network structure of social coding in GitHub. In: Proceedings of the 17th European conference on software maintenance and reengineering. CSMR \u201913, pp 323\u2013326. IEEE Computer Society, USA","DOI":"10.1109\/CSMR.2013.41"},{"key":"456_CR28","unstructured":"Timothy Gowers\u2019s blog. https:\/\/gowers.wordpress.com, visited on 2021-03-31"},{"key":"456_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tria F, Loreto V, Servedio VDP (2018) Zipf\u2019s, Heaps\u2019 and Taylor\u2019s laws are determined by the expansion into the adjacent possible. Entropy 20(10):752","DOI":"10.3390\/e20100752"},{"issue":"30","key":"456_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10421","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500298102","volume":"102","author":"M Tumminello","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tumminello M, Aste T, Matteo TD, Mantegna RN (2005) A tool for filtering information in complex systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(30):10421\u201310426","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"456_CR31","unstructured":"Vo\u00df J (2005) Measuring wikipedia. In: Proceedings of ISSI, pp 221\u2013231"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"456_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s10955-013-0728-6","volume":"151","author":"T Yasseri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yasseri T, Kert\u00e9sz J (2013) Value production in a collaborative environment. J Stat Phys 151(3\u20134):414\u2013439","journal-title":"J Stat Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"456_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30091","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030091","volume":"7","author":"T Yasseri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yasseri T, Sumi R, Kertesz J (2012) Circadian patterns of wikipedia editorial activity: a demographic analysis. PLoS ONE 7(1):30091\u201330091","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Applied Network Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-022-00456-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41109-022-00456-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-022-00456-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T10:06:09Z","timestamp":1700388369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/appliednetsci.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1007\/s41109-022-00456-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41109-022-00456-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2364-8228"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2364-8228"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"The authors declare to have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19"}}