{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:34:40Z","timestamp":1772120080448,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Netw Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this paper, we address the problem of earthquake declustering, and propose a\n                    <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                    -nearest neighbors approach based on the selection of multiple-parent nodes with respect to each of the given earthquakes, which can be regarded as a natural extension of the conventional correlation-metric method based on the selection of a single-parent node. Based on this approach, we develop a centrality measure that exploits link weight assigned by a logarithmic-distance scheme and a technique of individually visualizing each set of child nodes with respect to given target earthquakes. For experimental evaluation, we used an earthquake catalog covering Japan and selected 24 earthquakes that caused considerable damage or casualties. We first show that our proposed centrality measure using a logarithmic-distance scheme can rank these 24 major earthquakes higher than four link-weighting schemes (i.e., uniform, magnitude, inverse-distance, and normalized-inverse-distance weighting) and conventional single-parent selection. We then show that unlike the conventional approach to simultaneously visualizing all the events in the catalog, our proposed technique can produce a naturally interpretable classification result for these 24 major earthquakes, by individually visualizing each set of the first to\n                    <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                    -th child nodes with different colored markers plotted in the directly interpretable spatio and temporal metrics. As a consequence, we confirm that our approach based on multiple-parent selection is vital and promising.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-023-00541-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T07:26:01Z","timestamp":1677050761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Centrality measure and visualization technique for multiple-parent nodes of earthquakes based on correlation-metric"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yuki","family":"Yamagishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kazumi","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kazuro","family":"Hirahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Naonori","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"541_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aden-Antoni\u00f3w F, Frank WB, Seydoux L (2022) An adaptable random forest model for the declustering of earthquake catalogs. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 127(2):e2021JB023254","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JB023254"},{"issue":"3","key":"541_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1992.10475879","volume":"46","author":"NS Altman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Altman NS (1992) An introduction to kernel and nearest-neighbor nonparametric regression. Am Stat 46(3):175\u2013185","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"key":"541_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baiesi M, Paczuski M (2004) Scale-free networks of earthquakes and aftershocks. Phys Rev E, 69","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.69.066106"},{"issue":"2","key":"541_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1991.tb02512.x","volume":"104","author":"SD Davis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Davis SD, Frohlich C (1991) Single-link cluster analysis, synthetic earthquake catalogues, and aftershock identification. Geophys J Int 104(2):289\u2013306","journal-title":"Geophys J Int"},{"key":"541_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00009293","volume":"17","author":"D Eppstein","year":"1997","unstructured":"Eppstein D, Paterson MS, Yao FF (1997) On nearest-neighbor graphs. Discrete Comput Geom 17:263\u2013282","journal-title":"Discrete Comput Geom"},{"issue":"1","key":"541_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1990.tb04564.x","volume":"100","author":"C Frohlich","year":"1990","unstructured":"Frohlich C, Davis SD (1990) Single-link cluster analysis as a method to evaluate spatial and temporal properties of earthquake catalogues. Geophys J Int 100(1):19\u201332","journal-title":"Geophys J Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"541_CR7","first-page":"259","volume":"18","author":"KR Gabriel","year":"1969","unstructured":"Gabriel KR, Sokal RR (1969) A new statistical approach to geographic variation analysis. Syst Biol 18(3):259\u2013278","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"541_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0640051363","volume":"64","author":"JK Gardner","year":"1974","unstructured":"Gardner JK, Knopoff L (1974) Is the sequence of earthquakes in Southern California, with aftershocks removed, Poissonian? Bull Seismol Soc Am 64(5):1363\u20131367","journal-title":"Bull Seismol Soc Am"},{"key":"541_CR9","unstructured":"Gutenberg B, Richter C (1954) Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2nd edition, 310"},{"key":"541_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1991.tb02498.x","volume":"104","author":"Y Kagan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kagan Y, Jackson D (1991) Long-term earthquake clustering. Geophys J Int 104:117\u2013133","journal-title":"Geophys J Int"},{"key":"541_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1972.tb06133.x","volume":"28","author":"L Knopoff","year":"1972","unstructured":"Knopoff L, Gardner JK (1972) Higher seismic activity during local night on the raw worldwide earthquake catalogue. Geophys J Int 28:311\u2013313","journal-title":"Geophys J Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"541_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1090\/S0002-9939-1956-0078686-7","volume":"7","author":"JB Kruskal","year":"1956","unstructured":"Kruskal JB (1956) On the shortest spanning subtree of a graph and the traveling salesman problem. Proc Am Math Soc 7(1):48\u201350","journal-title":"Proc Am Math Soc"},{"issue":"5866","key":"541_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1148783","volume":"319","author":"D Marsan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marsan D, Lenglin\u00e9 O (2008) Extending earthquakes\u2019 reach through cascading. Science 319(5866):1076\u20131079","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"541_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsan D, Lenglin\u00e9 O (2010) A new estimation of the decay of aftershock density with distance to the mainshock. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth, 115","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JB007119"},{"key":"541_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00113.x","volume":"109","author":"GM Molchan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Molchan GM, Dmitrieva OE (1992) Aftershock identification: methods and new approaches. Geophys J Int 109:501\u2013516","journal-title":"Geophys J Int"},{"issue":"401","key":"541_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478560","volume":"83","author":"Y Ogata","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ogata Y (1988) Statistical models for earthquake occurrences and residual analysis for point processes. J Am Stat Assoc 83(401):9\u201327","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"541_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003403601725","volume":"50","author":"Y Ogata","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ogata Y (1998) Space-time point-process models for earthquake occurrences. Ann Inst Stat Math 50:379\u2013402","journal-title":"Ann Inst Stat Math"},{"key":"541_CR18","first-page":"111","volume":"7","author":"F Omori","year":"1894","unstructured":"Omori F (1894) On the aftershocks of earthquakes. J Coll Sci 7:111\u2013200","journal-title":"J Coll Sci"},{"key":"541_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preparata FP, Shamos MI (1985) Computational geometry: an introduction. texts and monographs in computer science, Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1098-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"541_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1957.tb01515.x","volume":"36","author":"RC Prim","year":"1957","unstructured":"Prim RC (1957) Shortest connection networks and some generalizations. Bell Syst Tech J 36(6):1389\u20131401","journal-title":"Bell Syst Tech J"},{"key":"541_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5479","DOI":"10.1029\/JB090iB07p05479","volume":"90","author":"P Reasenberg","year":"1985","unstructured":"Reasenberg P (1985) Second-order moment of central California seismicity, 1969\u20131982. J Geophys Res 90:5479\u20135495","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"541_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7049","DOI":"10.1029\/JB077i035p07049","volume":"77","author":"WU Savage","year":"1972","unstructured":"Savage WU (1972) Microearthquake clustering near Fairview Peak, Nevada, and in the Nevada seismic zone. J Geophys Res 77:7049\u20137056","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"541_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(80)90066-7","volume":"12","author":"GT Toussaint","year":"1980","unstructured":"Toussaint GT (1980) The relative neighbourhood graph of a finite planar set. Pattern Recognit 12(4):261\u2013268","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"issue":"1","key":"541_CR25","first-page":"21","volume":"57","author":"RA Uhrhammer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Uhrhammer RA (1986) Characteristics of northern and central California seismicity. Earthq Notes 57(1):21\u201337","journal-title":"Earthq Notes"},{"key":"541_CR26","first-page":"521","volume":"30","author":"T Utsu","year":"1961","unstructured":"Utsu T (1961) A statistical study on the occurrence of aftershocks. Geophys Mag 30:521\u2013605","journal-title":"Geophys Mag"},{"issue":"1","key":"541_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4294\/jpe1952.43.1","volume":"43","author":"T Utsu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Utsu T, Ogata Y, Sam R (1995) Matsu\u2019ura: the centenary of the Omori formula for a decay law of aftershock activity. J Phys Earth 43(1):1\u201333","journal-title":"J Phys Earth"},{"key":"541_CR23","unstructured":"van Stiphout T, Zhuang J, Marsan D (2012) Seismicity declustering. Community Online Resource for Statistical Seismicity Analysis"},{"key":"541_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasserman S, Faust K (1994) Social Network analysis: methods and applications. structural analysis in the social sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815478"},{"key":"541_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamagishi Y, Saito K, Hirahara K, Ueda N (2020) Spatio-temporal clustering of earthquakes based on average magnitudes. In: Complex networks and their applications IX - volume 1, proceedings of the ninth international conference on complex networks and their applications. Studies in computational intelligence, vol 943, pp 627\u2013637. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65347-7_52"},{"key":"541_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamagishi Y, Saito K, Hirahara K, Ueda N (2021) Magnitude-weighted mean-shift clustering with leave-one-out bandwidth estimation. In: Proceedings of the 18th Pacific Rim international conference on artificial intelligence","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-89188-6_26"},{"key":"541_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamagishi Y, Saito K, Hirahara K, Ueda N (2021) Spatio-temporal clustering of earthquakes based on distribution of magnitudes. Appl Netw Sci","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-021-00413-3"},{"key":"541_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamagishi Y, Saito K, Hirahara K, Ueda N (2022) Constructing weighted networks of-earthquakes with -multiple-parent nodes based on-correlation-metric. In: Complex networks and their applications X. pp 487\u2013498. Springer, Cham","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-93409-5_41"},{"key":"541_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaliapin I, Ben-Zion Y (2016) A global classification and characterization of earthquake clusters. Geophys J Int 207(1):608\u2013634","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggw300"},{"key":"541_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaliapin I, Ben-Zion Y (2013) Earthquake clusters in southern California I: identification and stability. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 118(6):2847\u20132864","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50179"},{"key":"541_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaliapin I, Ben-Zion Y (2013) Earthquake clusters in southern California II: classification and relation to physical properties of the crust. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 118(6):2865\u20132877","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50178"},{"key":"541_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaliapin I, Ben-Zion Y (2020) Earthquake declustering using the nearest-neighbor approach in space-time-magnitude domain. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 125(4)","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JB017120"},{"issue":"1","key":"541_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.101.018501","volume":"101","author":"I Zaliapin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zaliapin I, Gabrielov A, Keilis-Borok V, Wong H (2008) Clustering analysis of seismicity and aftershock identification. Phys Rev Lett 101(1):1\u20134","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"541_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2006.00559.x","volume":"68","author":"J Zhuang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhuang J (2006) Multi-dimensional second-order residual analysis of space-time point processes and its applications in modelling earthquake data. J R Stat Soc 68(4):635\u2013653","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc"},{"issue":"458","key":"541_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1198\/016214502760046925","volume":"97","author":"J Zhuang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhuang J, Ogata Y, Vere-Jones D (2002) Stochastic declustering of space-time earthquake occurrences. J Am Stat Assoc 97(458):369\u2013380","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"541_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang J, Ogata Y, Vere-Jones D (2004) Analyzing earthquake clustering features by using stochastic reconstruction. J Geophys Res 109","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JB002879"}],"container-title":["Applied Network Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-023-00541-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41109-023-00541-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-023-00541-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T18:13:29Z","timestamp":1728929609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/appliednetsci.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1007\/s41109-023-00541-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41109-023-00541-y","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1947652\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2364-8228"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2364-8228","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14"}}