{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:33:32Z","timestamp":1768264412627,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry for Culture and Innovation","award":["\u00daNKP-22-4-II-CORVINUS-55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-22-4-II-CORVINUS-55"]}]},{"name":"ELKH Wigner Research Centre for Physics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Netw Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research aimed to gain a deeper understanding of how and for what reasons the world trade networks of medical products were reorganized during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. To do this, first, the trade data of eight COVID-19-related product categories (such as medical test kits and protective garments) were collected for the years 2019 and 2020. Then it was examined which countries\u2019 exports and imports changed the most between the studied time period in each product category. In addition, gravity models containing additional economic, geographic, and COVID-19-related variables were used to analyze the impact of the pandemic on the investigated trade networks. Based on the results, China achieved the highest cumulative export growth, surpassing the second-highest value by approximately 14.66. Hungary, with a population of only 9.7 million, stood out as a major importer of ventilators. Additionally, a higher incidence of COVID-19 among importers typically led to reduced traded values, while European Union membership and innovation capacity had the opposite effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-023-00586-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T16:02:14Z","timestamp":1693843334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analysis of the international trade networks of COVID-19 medical products"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Marcell T.","family":"Kurbucz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Sug\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tibor","family":"Kereszt\u00e9ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"586_CR1","unstructured":"Alert GT (2020) Tackling COVID-19 together: The trade policy dimension. Tech. rep., Technical report, University of St. Gallen, Switzerland"},{"issue":"11","key":"586_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400087101","volume":"101","author":"A Barrat","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barrat A, Barthelemy M, Pastor-Satorras R, Vespignani A (2004) The architecture of complex weighted networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101(11):3747\u20133752","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"586_CR3","unstructured":"Bown CP (2020) COVID-19: Demand spikes, export restrictions, and quality concerns imperil poor country access to medical supplies. COVID-19 and trade policy: Why turning inward won\u2019t work, pp 31\u201348"},{"key":"586_CR4","unstructured":"Campbell KM, Doshi R (2020) The coronavirus could reshape global order. Foreign Affairs 18(3)"},{"key":"586_CR5","unstructured":"Conte M, Cotterlaz P, Mayer T (2022) The CEPII gravity database highlights. Working paper"},{"key":"586_CR6","unstructured":"COVID W (2020) Dashboard. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020. Available online (last cited: 10\u201311\u20132022)"},{"key":"586_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De\u00a0Domenico M (2022) Multilayer networks: analysis and visualization-introduction to muxViz with R","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-75718-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"586_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/comnet\/cnu038","volume":"3","author":"M De Domenico","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Domenico M, Porter MA, Arenas A (2015) MuxViz: a tool for multilayer analysis and visualization of networks. J Complex Netw 3(2):159\u2013176","journal-title":"J Complex Netw"},{"issue":"103","key":"586_CR9","first-page":"593","volume":"137","author":"L Fontagn\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fontagn\u00e9 L, Guimbard H, Orefice G (2022) Tariff-based product-level trade elasticities. J Int Econ 137(103):593","journal-title":"J Int Econ"},{"key":"586_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuchs A, Kaplan LC, Kis-Katos K, Schmidt S, Turbanisch F, Wang F (2020) Mask wars: China\u2019s exports of medical goods in times of COVID-19. Available at SSRN 3661798","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3661798"},{"key":"586_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaulier G, Zignago S (2010) BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version. Working Papers 2010-23, CEPII. http:\/\/www.cepii.fr\/CEPII\/fr\/publications\/wp\/abstract.asp?NoDoc=2726","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1994500"},{"key":"586_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassia M, Mangioni G, Schiavo S, Traverso S (2022) (Unintended) Consequences of export restrictions on medical goods during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Complex Netw 10(1):cnab045","DOI":"10.1093\/comnet\/cnab045"},{"issue":"1","key":"586_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41044-020-00046-0","volume":"5","author":"Z Hammoud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hammoud Z, Kramer F (2020) Multilayer networks: aspects, implementations, and application in biomedicine. Big Data Analytics 5(1):1\u201318","journal-title":"Big Data Analytics"},{"issue":"2","key":"586_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/twec.13179","volume":"45","author":"K Hayakawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hayakawa K, Imai K (2022) Who sends me face masks? Evidence for the impacts of COVID-19 on international trade in medical goods. World Econ 45(2):365\u2013385","journal-title":"World Econ"},{"issue":"101","key":"586_CR15","first-page":"135","volume":"60","author":"K Hayakawa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayakawa K, Mukunoki H (2021) The impact of COVID-19 on international trade: evidence from the first shock. J Jpn Int Econ 60(101):135","journal-title":"J Jpn Int Econ"},{"key":"586_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.09.020","volume":"180","author":"J Hussain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hussain J, Zhou K, Muhammad F, Khan D, Khan A, Ali N, Akhtar R (2021) Renewable energy investment and governance in countries along the belt & Road Initiative: Does trade openness matter? Renew Energy 180:1278\u20131289","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"586_CR17","unstructured":"Javorcik B (2020) Global supply chains will not be the same in the post-COVID-19 world. COVID-19 and trade policy: Why turning inward won\u2019t work 111"},{"key":"586_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jind\u0159ichovsk\u00e1 I, U\u011furlu E (2021) EU and China trends in trade in challenging times. J Risk Financ Manag 14(2):71","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm14020071"},{"issue":"6","key":"586_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/twec.12229","volume":"38","author":"LA Johnston","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnston LA, Morgan SL, Wang Y (2015) The gravity of China\u2019s African export promise. World Econ 38(6):913\u2013934","journal-title":"World Econ"},{"key":"586_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eap.2017.08.005","volume":"56","author":"M Kabir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kabir M, Salim R, Al-Mawali N (2017) The gravity model and trade flows: recent developments in econometric modeling and empirical evidence. Econ Anal Policy 56:60\u201371","journal-title":"Econ Anal Policy"},{"issue":"101","key":"586_CR21","first-page":"297","volume":"21","author":"MT Kurbucz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kurbucz MT (2023) hdData360r: A high-dimensional panel data compiler for governance, trade, and competitiveness indicators of World Bank Group platforms. SoftwareX 21(101):297","journal-title":"SoftwareX"},{"issue":"1","key":"586_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2007.06.019","volume":"99","author":"JJ Lewer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lewer JJ, Van den Berg H (2008) A gravity model of immigration. Econ Lett 99(1):164\u2013167","journal-title":"Econ Lett"},{"issue":"10","key":"586_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25860","volume":"92","author":"G Lippi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lippi G, Mattiuzzi C, Sanchis-Gomar F, Henry BM (2020) Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients dying from COVID-19 in Italy vs China. J Med Virol 92(10):1759","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"586_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3751","DOI":"10.1111\/twec.13279","volume":"45","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Ornelas E, Shi H (2022) The trade impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. World Econ 45(12):3751\u20133779","journal-title":"World Econ"},{"key":"586_CR25","unstructured":"Organization) WWT (2020) Export prohibitions and restrictions: Information note. https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/covid19_e\/export_prohibitions_report_e.pdf"},{"issue":"1115","key":"586_CR26","first-page":"650","volume":"11","author":"Y Pu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pu Y, Xu A, Wang H, Qian F (2023) Impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on medical product imports from china from outbreak to stabilization: Monthly panel data regression and instrumental variable test. Front Public Health 11(1115):650","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"586_CR27","unstructured":"Soumitra D, Lanvin B, Wunsch-Vincent S, et\u00a0al (2020) Global innovation index 2020: who will finance innovation? WIPO"},{"key":"586_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Telias D, Urdinez F (2021) China\u2019s foreign aid drivers: Lessons from a novel dataset of the mask diplomacy in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic","DOI":"10.1177\/18681026211020763"},{"issue":"2","key":"586_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/09692290.2019.1699145","volume":"27","author":"C Weinhardt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weinhardt C, Ten Brink T (2020) Varieties of contestation: China\u2019s rise and the liberal trade order: [Contribution to forum: China\u2019s rise in a liberal world order in transition]. Rev Int Polit Econ 27(2):258\u2013280","journal-title":"Rev Int Polit Econ"},{"issue":"25","key":"586_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5835","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.86.5835","volume":"86","author":"SH Yook","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yook SH, Jeong H, Barab\u00e1si AL, Tu Y (2001) Weighted evolving networks. Phys Rev Lett 86(25):5835","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"586_CR31","first-page":"51","volume":"55","author":"M Zainuddin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zainuddin M, Shukor MS, Zulkifli MS, Abdullah AH (2021) Dynamics of Malaysia\u2019s bilateral export post COVID-19: a gravity model analysis. J Ekonomi Malaysia 55(1):51\u201369","journal-title":"J Ekonomi Malaysia"}],"container-title":["Applied Network Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-023-00586-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41109-023-00586-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-023-00586-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T03:09:11Z","timestamp":1700536151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/appliednetsci.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1007\/s41109-023-00586-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41109-023-00586-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2364-8228"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2364-8228","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"58"}}