{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:34:43Z","timestamp":1782977683269,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-CE38-0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-CE38-0006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-18-IDEX-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-18-IDEX-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-CE38-0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-CE38-0006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101017201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101017201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101017201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101017201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Netw Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A growing number of social media studies in the U.S. rely on the characterization of the opinion of individual users, for example, as Democrat- or Republican-leaning, or in continuous scales ranging from most liberal to most conservative. Recent works have shown, however, that additional opinion dimensions, for instance measuring attitudes towards elites, institutions, or cultural change, are also relevant for understanding socio-informational phenomena on social platforms and in politics in general. The study of social networks in high-dimensional opinion spaces remains challenging in the US, both because of the relative dominance of a principal liberal-conservative dimension in observed phenomena, and because two-party political systems structure both the preferences of users and the tools to measure them. This article leverages graph embedding in multi-dimensional latent opinion spaces and text analysis to propose a method to identify additional opinion dimensions linked to cultural, policy, social, and ideological groups and preferences. Using Twitter social graph data we infer the political stance of nearly 2 million users connected to the political debate in the U.S. for several issue dimensions of public debate. We show that it is possible to identify several new dimensions structuring social graphs, non-aligned with the classic liberal-conservative dimension. We also show how the social graph is polarized to different degrees along these newfound dimensions, leveraging multi-modality measures in opinion space. These results shed a new light on ideal point estimation methods gaining attention in social media studies, showing that they cannot always assume to capture liberal-conservative divides in single-dimensional models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-023-00608-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T14:03:31Z","timestamp":1704895411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["American politics in 3D: measuring multidimensional issue alignment in social media using social graphs and text data"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Ramaciotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Cassells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zografoula","family":"Vagena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Cointet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"608_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.2307\/2111673","volume":"41","author":"GD Adams","year":"1997","unstructured":"Adams GD (1997) Abortion: evidence of an issue evolution. Am J Polit Sci 41(3):718\u2013737","journal-title":"Am J Polit Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"608_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1086\/698755","volume":"80","author":"DJ Ahler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahler DJ, Broockman DE (2018) The delegate paradox: why polarized politicians can represent citizens best. J Polit 80(4):1117\u20131133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/698755","journal-title":"J Polit"},{"issue":"3","key":"608_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055410000316","volume":"104","author":"J Bafumi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bafumi J, Herron MC (2010) Leapfrog representation and extremism: a study of American voters and their members in congress. Am Polit Sci Rev 104(3):519\u2013542","journal-title":"Am Polit Sci Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"608_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1093\/polana\/9.3.192","volume":"9","author":"MA Bailey","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bailey MA (2001) Ideal point estimation with a small number of votes: a random effects approach. Polit Anal 9(3):192\u2013210","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"issue":"2","key":"608_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3162\/036298003X200845","volume":"28","author":"MA Bailey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bailey MA (2003) The politics of the difficult: the role of public opinion in early cold war aid and trade policies. Legis Stud Q 28(2):147\u2013178","journal-title":"Legis Stud Q"},{"issue":"3","key":"608_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2007.00260.x","volume":"51","author":"MA Bailey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bailey MA (2007) Comparable preference estimates across time and institutions for the court, congress and presidency. Am J Polit Sci 51(3):433\u2013448","journal-title":"Am J Polit Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"608_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/1465116512436995","volume":"13","author":"R Bakker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bakker R, Jolly S, Polk J (2012) Complexity in the European party space: exploring dimensionality with experts. Eur Union Polit 13(2):219\u2013245","journal-title":"Eur Union Polit"},{"key":"608_CR8","unstructured":"Bakker R, Hooghe L, Jolly S, Marks G, Polk J, Rovny J, Steenbergen M, Vachudova MA (2019) Chapel hill expert survey. Chapel Hill. www.chesdata.eu"},{"issue":"6239","key":"608_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1160","volume":"348","author":"E Bakshy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bakshy E, Messing S, Adamic LA (2015) Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on facebook. Science 348(6239):1130\u20131132","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"608_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1086\/590649","volume":"114","author":"D Baldassarri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baldassarri D, Gelman A (2008) Partisans without constraint: political polarization and trends in American public opinion. Am J Sociol 114(2):408\u2013446","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"key":"608_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpu011","volume":"23","author":"P Barber\u00e1","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barber\u00e1 P (2015) Birds of the same feather tweet together: Bayesian ideal point estimation using twitter data. Polit Anal 23:76\u201391","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"issue":"6","key":"608_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439314558836","volume":"33","author":"P Barber\u00e1","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barber\u00e1 P, Rivero G (2015) Understanding the political representativeness of twitter users. Soc Sci Comput Rev 33(6):712\u2013729","journal-title":"Soc Sci Comput Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"608_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615594620","volume":"26","author":"P Barber\u00e1","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barber\u00e1 P, Jost JT, Nagler J, Tucker JA, Bonneau R (2015) Tweeting from left to right: Is online political communication more than an echo chamber? Psychol Sci 26(10):1531\u20131542","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"608_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.124.048301","volume":"124","author":"F Baumann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baumann F, Lorenz-Spreen P, Sokolov IM, Starnini M (2020) Modeling echo chambers and polarization dynamics in social networks. Phys Rev Lett 124(4):048301","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"608_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190923624.001.0001","volume-title":"Network propaganda: manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics","author":"Y Benkler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benkler Y, Faris R, Roberts H (2018) Network propaganda: manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"608_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055414000525","volume":"109","author":"R Bond","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bond R, Messing S (2015) Quantifying social media\u2019s political space: estimating ideology from publicly revealed preferences on facebook. Am Polit Sci Rev 109:62\u201378","journal-title":"Am Polit Sci Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"608_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12376","volume":"62","author":"A Bonica","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonica A (2018) Inferring roll-call scores from campaign contributions using supervised machine learning. Am J Polit Sci 62(4):830\u2013848","journal-title":"Am J Polit Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"608_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.2016.1147443","volume":"40","author":"A Bramson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bramson A, Grim P, Singer DJ, Fisher S, Berger W, Sack G, Flocken C (2016) Disambiguation of social polarization concepts and measures. J Math Sociol 40(2):80\u2013111","journal-title":"J Math Sociol"},{"issue":"1","key":"608_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/lsq.12110","volume":"41","author":"DE Broockman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Broockman DE (2016) Approaches to studying policy representation. Legis Stud Q 41(1):181\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/lsq.12110","journal-title":"Legis Stud Q"},{"key":"608_CR20","unstructured":"Campbell D (2023) Russia and the us press: the article the cjr didn\u2019t publish. bylinetimes.com"},{"issue":"2","key":"608_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055404001194","volume":"98","author":"J Clinton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Clinton J, Jackman S, Rivers D (2004) The statistical analysis of roll call data. Am Polit Sci Rev 98(2):355\u2013370","journal-title":"Am Polit Sci Rev"},{"key":"608_CR22","unstructured":"Cointet J-P, Cardon D, Mogoutov A, Ooghe-Tabanou B, Plique G, Ramaciotti\u00a0Morales P (2021) Uncovering the structure of the French media ecosystem. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.12073"},{"key":"608_CR23","unstructured":"Cointet J-P, Ramaciotti\u00a0Morales P, Cardon D, Froio C, Mogoutov A, Ooghe-Tabanou B, Plique G (2021) What colours are the yellow vests? An ideological scaling of facebook groups. Statistique et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9"},{"key":"608_CR24","volume-title":"Ideology and discontent","author":"PE Converse","year":"1964","unstructured":"Converse PE (1964) The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In: Apter DE (ed) Ideology and discontent. University of Michigan Press, Michigan"},{"key":"608_CR25","unstructured":"Devlin J, Chang M-W, Lee K, Toutanova K (2018) Bert: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805"},{"issue":"2","key":"608_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1086\/257897","volume":"65","author":"A Downs","year":"1957","unstructured":"Downs A (1957) An economic theory of political action in a democracy. J Polit Econ 65(2):135\u2013150","journal-title":"J Polit Econ"},{"issue":"6","key":"608_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2004.00552.x","volume":"72","author":"J-Y Duclos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Duclos J-Y, Esteban J, Ray D (2004) Polarization: concepts, measurement, estimation. Econometrica 72(6):1737\u20131772","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"608_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055422000818","author":"A Fowler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fowler A, Hill SJ, Lewis JB, Tausanovitch C, Vavreck L, Warshaw C (2022) Moderates. Am Polit Sci Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0003055422000818","journal-title":"Am Polit Sci Rev"},{"key":"608_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s007999900023","volume":"3","author":"K Frantzi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Frantzi K, Ananiadou S, Mima H (2000) Automatic recognition of multi-word terms: the c-value\/nc-value method. Int J Digit Libr 3:115\u2013130","journal-title":"Int J Digit Libr"},{"key":"608_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315369983","volume-title":"Correspondence analysis in practice","author":"M Greenacre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Greenacre M (2017) Correspondence analysis in practice. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"608_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/1354068818816975","volume":"25","author":"E Grossman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grossman E, Sauger N (2019) Economic internationalization and the decline of the left\u2013right dimension. Party Polit 25:36\u201349","journal-title":"Party Polit"},{"issue":"4","key":"608_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1017\/S000305541600037X","volume":"110","author":"K Imai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Imai K, Lo J, Olmsted J (2016) Fast estimation of ideal points with massive data. Am Polit Sci Rev 110(4):631\u2013656","journal-title":"Am Polit Sci Rev"},{"key":"608_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818317000194","volume":"71","author":"J Jensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jensen J, Quinn D, Weymouth S (2017) Winners and losers in international trade: the effects on us presidential voting. Int Organ 71:1\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0020818317000194","journal-title":"Int Organ"},{"issue":"10","key":"608_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-022-00093-5","volume":"1","author":"JT Jost","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jost JT, Baldassarri DS, Druckman JN (2022) Cognitive-motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts. Nat Rev Psychol 1(10):560\u2013576","journal-title":"Nat Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"608_CR35","first-page":"259","volume":"3","author":"K Kageura","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kageura K, Umino B (1996) Methods of automatic term recognition: a review. Terminol Int J Theor Appl Issues Spec Commun 3(2):259\u2013289","journal-title":"Terminol Int J Theor Appl Issues Spec Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"608_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055412000469","volume":"106","author":"BE Lauderdale","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lauderdale BE, Clark T (2012) The supreme court\u2019s many median justices. Am Polit Sci Rev 106(4):847\u2013866","journal-title":"Am Polit Sci Rev"},{"key":"608_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpn004","volume":"16","author":"W Lowe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lowe W (2008) Understanding wordscores. Polit Anal 16:356\u2013371","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"key":"608_CR38","unstructured":"Mani I, Zhang I (2003) knn approach to unbalanced data distributions: a case study involving information extraction. In: Proceedings of workshop on learning from imbalanced datasets, vol 126. ICML, pp 1\u20137"},{"issue":"2","key":"608_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/10.2.134","volume":"10","author":"A Martin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Martin A, Quinn K (2002) Dynamic ideal point estimation via Markov chain Monte Carlo for the U.S. Supreme Court, 1953\u20131999. Polit Anal 10(2):134\u2013153","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"608_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12089","volume":"59","author":"L Mason","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mason L (2015) \u201ci disrespectfully agree\u2019\u2019: the differential effects of partisan sorting on social and issue polarization. Am J Polit Sci 59(1):128\u2013145","journal-title":"Am J Polit Sci"},{"key":"608_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales PR, Cointet J-P, Laborde J (2020) Your most telling friends: propagating latent ideological features on twitter using neighborhood coherence. In: 2020 IEEE\/ACM international conference on advances in social networks analysis and mining (ASONAM). IEEE, pp 217\u2013221","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM49781.2020.9381468"},{"key":"608_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2021.01.013","volume":"859","author":"PR Morales","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morales PR, Lamarche-Perrin R, Fournier-S\u2019Niehotta R, Poulain R, Tabourier L, Tarissan F (2021) Measuring diversity in heterogeneous information networks. Theor Comput Sci 859:80\u2013115","journal-title":"Theor Comput Sci"},{"key":"608_CR43","volume-title":"Political ideologies and political parties in America","author":"H Noel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Noel H (2013) Political ideologies and political parties in America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"4","key":"608_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439314555329","volume":"33","author":"D O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2015","unstructured":"O\u2019Callaghan D, Greene D, Conway M, Carthy J, Cunningham P (2015) Down the (white) rabbit hole: the extreme right and online recommender systems. Soc Sci Comput Rev 33(4):459\u2013478","journal-title":"Soc Sci Comput Rev"},{"key":"608_CR45","unstructured":"Ojer J, C\u00e1rcamo D, Pastor-Satorras R, Starnini M (2023) Charting multidimensional ideological polarization across demographic groups in the united states. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.06096"},{"issue":"3","key":"608_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2021.5","volume":"30","author":"M Peress","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peress M (2022) Large-scale ideal point estimation. Polit Anal 30(3):346\u2013363","journal-title":"Polit Anal"},{"key":"608_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poole KT, Rosenthal H (1985) A spatial model for legislative roll call analysis. Am J Polit Sci 357\u2013384","DOI":"10.2307\/2111172"},{"key":"608_CR48","volume-title":"Congress: a political-economic history of roll call voting","author":"K Poole","year":"1997","unstructured":"Poole K, Rosenthal H (1997) Congress: a political-economic history of roll call voting. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"608_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s42001-022-00163-x","volume":"5","author":"P Ramaciotti Morales","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramaciotti Morales P, Cointet J-P, Froio C (2022) Posters and protesters. J Comput Soc Sci 5:119\u20131157","journal-title":"J Comput Soc Sci"},{"key":"608_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramaciotti\u00a0Morales P (2023) Multidimensional online American politics: mining emergent social cleavages in social graphs. In: Complex networks and their applications XI: proceedings of the eleventh international conference on complex networks and their applications: COMPLEX NETWORKS 2022\u2013Volume 1. Springer, pp 176\u2013189","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-21127-0_15"},{"key":"608_CR51","unstructured":"Ramaciotti\u00a0Morales P, Cointet J-P, Benbouzid B, Cardon D, Froio C, Metin OF, Ooghe B, Plique G (2021) Atlas multi-plateformes d\u2019un mouvement social: Le cas des gilets jaunes. Statistique et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9"},{"key":"608_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramaciotti\u00a0Morales P, Cointet J-P, Mu\u00f1oz Zolotoochin G (2021) Unfolding the dimensionality structure of social networks in ideological embeddings. In: Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/ACM international conference on advances in social networks analysis and mining, pp 333\u2013338","DOI":"10.1145\/3487351.3489441"},{"key":"608_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramaciotti\u00a0Morales P, Cointet J-P, Mu\u00f1oz\u00a0Zolotoochin G, Fern\u00e1ndez\u00a0Peralta A, I\u00f1iguez G, Pournaki A (2022) Inferring attitudinal spaces in social networks","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-022-01013-4"},{"key":"608_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramaciotti\u00a0Morales P, Cointet J-P (2021) Auditing the effect of social network recommendations on polarization in geometrical ideological spaces. In: 15th acm conference on recommender systems, RecSys\u2019 21","DOI":"10.1145\/3460231.3478851"},{"key":"608_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramaciotti\u00a0Morales P, Mu\u00f1oz\u00a0Zolotoochin, G (2022) Measuring the accuracy of social network ideological embeddings using language models. In: 2022 international conference on information technology & systems (ICITS22)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-96293-7_24"},{"key":"608_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramaciotti\u00a0Morales P, Tabourier L, Ung S, Prieur C (2019) Role of the website structure in the diversity of browsing behaviors. In: Proceedings of the 30th ACM conference on hypertext and social media, pp 133\u2013142","DOI":"10.1145\/3342220.3343648"},{"issue":"4","key":"608_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2307\/1962968","volume":"76","author":"WH Riker","year":"1982","unstructured":"Riker WH (1982) The two-party system and duverger\u2019s law: an essay on the history of political science. Am Polit Sci Rev 76(4):753\u2013766","journal-title":"Am Polit Sci Rev"},{"key":"608_CR58","volume-title":"Identification of multidimensional ItemResponse models","author":"D Rivers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rivers D (2003) Identification of multidimensional ItemResponse models. Stanford University, Stanford"},{"key":"608_CR59","first-page":"1409","volume":"38","author":"RR Sokal","year":"1958","unstructured":"Sokal RR (1958) A statistical method for evaluating systematic relationships. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 38:1409\u20131438","journal-title":"Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"608_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12616","volume":"65","author":"JE Uscinski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uscinski JE, Enders AM, Seelig MI, Klofstad CA, Funchion JR, Everett C, Wuchty S, Premaratne K, Murthi MN (2021) American politics in two dimensions: partisan and ideological identities versus anti-establishment orientations. Am J Polit Sci 65(4):877\u2013895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajps.12616","journal-title":"Am J Polit Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"608_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12616","volume":"65","author":"JE Uscinski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uscinski JE, Enders AM, Seelig MI, Klofstad CA, Funchion JR, Everett C, Wuchty S, Premaratne K, Murthi MN (2021) American politics in two dimensions: partisan and ideological identities versus anti-establishment orientations. Am J Polit Sci 65(4):877\u2013895","journal-title":"Am J Polit Sci"},{"key":"608_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao Z, Song W, Xu H, Ren Z, Sun Y (2020) Timme: Twitter ideology-detection via multi-task multi-relational embedding. In: Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, pp 2258\u20132268","DOI":"10.1145\/3394486.3403275"}],"container-title":["Applied Network Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-023-00608-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41109-023-00608-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41109-023-00608-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T14:03:57Z","timestamp":1704895437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/appliednetsci.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1007\/s41109-023-00608-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41109-023-00608-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2364-8228"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2364-8228","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 December 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors are not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"2"}}