{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T22:51:08Z","timestamp":1775688668240,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,22]],"date-time":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490140800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Intell Robot Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s41315-017-0013-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,23]],"date-time":"2017-03-23T02:05:10Z","timestamp":1490234710000},"page":"143-156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A novel multifunctional soft robotic transducer made with poly (ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) ionomer metal nanocomposite"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Fallahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Bahramzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. E.","family":"Tabatabaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2611-1257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Shahinpoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"13_CR1","unstructured":"Adolf, D., Shahinpoor, M., Segalman, D., Witkowsky, W.: Electrically controlled polymeric gel actuators (world\u2019s first patent on synthetic artificial muscles), US Patent Office, US Patent No. 5,250,167, Issued October, 5 (1993)"},{"key":"13_CR2","unstructured":"Bahramzadeh, Y., Shahinpoor, M.: Charge modeling of ionic polymer-metal composites for dynamic curvature sensing. In: Proceeding of SPIE 18th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, SPIE 7676-79766-10 March, 2011, San Diego, California, SPIE 79754\u201379761 (2011)"},{"key":"13_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahramzadeh, Y., Shahinpoor, M.: Modeling of IPMC guide wire stirrer in endovascular surgery. In: Rassmussen, L. (ed) Chapter 2, Electroactivity in polymeric materials. Springer Publications, New York 20(9) 094011 (2012)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0878-9_2"},{"issue":"11","key":"13_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1007\/s11012-015-0165-5","volume":"50","author":"Y Cha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cha, Y., Abdolhamidi, S., Porfiri, M.: Energy harvesting from underwater vibration of an annular ionic polymer metal composite. Meccanica 50(11), 2675\u20132690 (2015)","journal-title":"Meccanica"},{"key":"13_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/16\/4\/063","volume":"16","author":"Z Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Tan, X., Will, A., Ziel, C.: A dynamic model for ionic polymer\u2013metal composite sensors. Smart Mater. Struct. 16, 1477 (2007)","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"issue":"4","key":"13_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1209\/epl\/i2000-00299-3","volume":"50","author":"PG Gennes de","year":"2000","unstructured":"de Gennes, P.G., Okumura, K., Shahinpoor, M., Kim, K.J.: Mechanoelectric Effects in Ionic Gels. Europhys. Lett. 50(4), 513\u2013518 (2000)","journal-title":"Europhys. Lett."},{"issue":"21","key":"13_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7765","DOI":"10.1021\/ma800956v","volume":"41","author":"AJ Duncan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Duncan, A.J., Leo, D.J., Long, T.E.: Beyond Nafion: charged macromolecules tailored for performance as ionic polymer transducers. Macromolecules 41(21), 7765\u20137775 (2008)","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"13_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/21\/5\/055015","volume":"21","author":"G Hatipoglu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hatipoglu, G., Liu, Y., Zhao, R., Yoonessi, M., Tigelaar, D.M., Tadigadapa, S., Zhang, Q.M.: A highly aromatic and sulfonated ionomer for high elastic modulus ionic polymer membrane micro-actuators. Smart Mater. Struct. 21, 5 (2012)","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"13_CR12","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Thermoplastic elastomers","author":"G Holden","year":"2004","unstructured":"Holden, G., Kricheldorf, H.R., Quirk, R.P.: Thermoplastic elastomers, 3rd edn, p. 265. Hanser-Gardner publishing company, Munchen (2004a)","edition":"3"},{"key":"13_CR13","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Thermoplastic elastomers","author":"G Holden","year":"2004","unstructured":"Holden, G., Kricheldorf, H.R., Quirk, R.P.: Thermoplastic elastomers, 3rd edn, p. 265. Hanser-Gardner publishing company, Munchen (2004b)","edition":"3"},{"key":"13_CR14","unstructured":"Kalista, S.J., Jr.: Self-healing of thermoplastic poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) copolymers following projectile puncture. M.Sc. Thesis, Virgina Polytechnic Institute and State University, Engineering Mechanics, Blacksburg, Virginia, September 1 (2003)"},{"key":"13_CR15","unstructured":"Kalista, S.J., Jr.: Self-healing of thermoplastic poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) copolymers following projectile puncture. MSc. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Mechanical Engineering (2003)"},{"key":"13_CR16","unstructured":"Kim, K.J., Shahinpoor, M.: Ionic polymer-metal composites\u2014II. Manufacturing techniques. Smart Mater. Struct. (SMS), Institute of Physics Publication 12(1), 65\u201379 (2003)"},{"issue":"3","key":"13_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(01)00648-6","volume":"43","author":"KJ Kim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kim, K.J., Shahinpoor, M.: A novel method of manufacturing three-dimensional ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC\u2019s) biomimetic sensors, actuators and artificial muscle. Polymer 43(3), 797\u2013802 (2002)","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"13_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(00)00632-3","volume":"185","author":"KD Kreuer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kreuer, K.D.: On the development of proton conducting polymer membranes for hydrogen and methanol fuel cells. J. Mem. Sci. 185, 29 (2001)","journal-title":"J. Mem. Sci."},{"issue":"51","key":"13_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1021\/ic2018693","volume":"2012","author":"J Mahler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mahler, J., Persson, I.: Study of the hydration of the alkali metal ions in aqueous solution. Inorg. Chem. 2012(51), 425\u2013438 (2012)","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"13_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6541","DOI":"10.1021\/ma000464h","volume":"33","author":"RS McLean","year":"2000","unstructured":"McLean, R.S., Doyle, M., Sauer, B.B.: High-resolution imaging of ionic domains and crystal morphology in ionomers using AFM techniques. Macromolecules 33, 6541 (2000a)","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"13_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6541","DOI":"10.1021\/ma000464h","volume":"33","author":"RS McLean","year":"2000","unstructured":"McLean, R.S., Doyle, M., Sauer, B.B.: High-resolution imaging of ionic domains and crystal morphology in ionomers using AFM techniques. Macromolecules 33, 6541 (2000b)","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"13_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1021\/ma60003a009","volume":"1","author":"E Otocka","year":"1968","unstructured":"Otocka, E., Kwei, T.: Properties of ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers. Macromolecules 1, 244 (1968)","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"issue":"10","key":"13_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1351\/PAC-CON-09-10-22","volume":"82","author":"I Persson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Persson, I.: Hydrated metal ions in aqueous solution: how regular are their structures. Pure Appl. Chem. 82(10), 1901\u20131917 (2010)","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"13_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pingkarawat, K., Dell\u2019Oliob, C., Varleyb, R.J., Mouritza, A.P.: Poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA) as an efficient healing agent for high performance epoxy networks using diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), Polymer 92, 153\u2013163 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2016.03.054"},{"key":"13_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104915","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3017467","volume":"104","author":"M Porfiri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Porfiri, M.: Charge dynamics in ionic polymer metal composites. J. Appl. Phys. 104, 104915 (2008)","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"13_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7939","DOI":"10.1021\/ma001110t","volume":"33","author":"BB Sauer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sauer, B.B., McLean, R.S.: AFM and X-ray studies of crystal and ionic domain morphology in poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) ionomers. Macromolecules 33, 7939 (2000a)","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"13_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7939","DOI":"10.1021\/ma001110t","volume":"33","author":"BB Sauer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sauer, B.B., McLean, R.S.: AFM and X-ray studies of crystal and ionic domain morphology in poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) ionomers. Macromolecules 33, 7939 (2000b)","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"13_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8165","DOI":"10.1021\/ja101991d","volume":"132","author":"E Seitz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Seitz, E., Chan, C.D., Opper, K.L., Baughman, T.W., Wagener, K.B., Winey, K.I.: Nanoscale morphology in precisely sequenced poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) zinc ionomers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 8165 (2010a)","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"13_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8165","DOI":"10.1021\/ja101991d","volume":"132","author":"E Seitz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Seitz, E., Chan, C.D., Opper, K.L., Baughman, T.W., Wagener, K.B., Winey, K.I.: Nanoscale morphology in precisely sequenced poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) zinc ionomers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 8165 (2010b)","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"13_CR42","unstructured":"Shahinpoor, M.: Spring-loaded ionic polymeric gel linear actuator. US Patent Office, US Patent No. 5,389,222, Issued February 14 (1995)"},{"issue":"14\u201316","key":"13_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4686(03)00224-X","volume":"48","author":"M Shahinpoor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shahinpoor, M.: Ionic polymer-conductor composites as biomimetic sensors, robotic actuators and artificial muscles\u2014a review. Electrochim. Acta 48(14\u201316), 2343\u20132353 (2003)","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"13_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.5772\/5792","volume":"2","author":"M Shahinpoor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shahinpoor, M.: Soft plastic robots and artificial muscles. Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst. 2(2), 161\u2013174 (2005)","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"13_CR33","volume-title":"Topics in engineered biomimecry: biomimetics, bioinspiration and bioreplication","author":"M Shahinpoor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shahinpoor, M.: Muscular biopolymers. In: Lakhtakia, A., Martin-Palma, R.-J. (eds.) Topics in engineered biomimecry: biomimetics, bioinspiration and bioreplication. Elsevier publishers, Waltham (2012)"},{"issue":"4","key":"13_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/10\/4\/327","volume":"10","author":"M Shahinpoor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shahinpoor, M., Kim, K.J.: Ionic polymer-metal composites\u2014I. Fundamentals, (review paper). Smart Mater. Struct. Int. J. 10(4), 819\u2013833 (2001)","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct. Int. J."},{"issue":"18","key":"13_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1477276","volume":"80","author":"M Shahinpoor","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shahinpoor, M., Kim, K.J.: A solid-state soft actuator exhibiting large electromechanical effect. Appl. Phys. Lett. (APL) 80(18), 3445\u20133447 (2002)","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett. (APL)"},{"issue":"4","key":"13_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/13\/6\/009","volume":"13","author":"M Shahinpoor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shahinpoor, M., Kim, K.J.: Ionic polymer-metal composites\u2014III. Modeling and simulation as biomimetic sensors, actuators, transducers and artificial muscles (review paper). Smart Mater. Struct. Int. J. 13(4), 1362\u20131388 (2004)","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct. Int. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/14\/1\/020","volume":"14","author":"M Shahinpoor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shahinpoor, M., Kim, K.J.: Ionic polymer-metal composites\u2014IV. Industrial and medical applications (review paper). Smart Mater. Struct. Int. J. 14(1), 197\u2013214 (2005)","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct. Int. J."},{"key":"13_CR40","unstructured":"Shahinpoor, M., Mojarrad, M.: Soft actuators and artificial muscles. US Patent Office, United States Patent 6,109,852, Issued August 29 (2000)"},{"key":"13_CR39","unstructured":"Shahinpoor, M., Mojarrad, M.: Ionic polymer sensors and actuators. US Patent Office, No. 6,475,639, Issued November 5 (2002)"},{"key":"13_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R15","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/7\/6\/001","volume":"7","author":"M Shahinpoor","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shahinpoor, M., Bar-Cohen, Y., Simpson, J., Smith, J.: Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) as biomimetic sensors, actuators and artificial muscles: a review. Smart Mater. Struct. 7, R15\u2013R30 (1998)","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"13_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahinpoor, M., Bar-Cohen, Y., Simpson, J., Smith, J.: Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC\u2019s) as biomimetic sensors and actuators, book chapter 3. In: Khan, I.M., Harrison, J.S. (eds) Field-responsive polymers, American Chemical Society Publication, ACS-FRP, ACS Symposium Series 726, pp. 25\u201350. Oxford University Press (1999)","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1999-0726.ch003"},{"key":"13_CR44","unstructured":"Singhbhatti, M.: Method of making a hybrid metal-plastic heat exchanger. US Patent Office: US 2010\/0043230 A1"},{"key":"13_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2011.12.013","volume":"53","author":"MW Spencer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Spencer, M.W., Wetzel, M.D., Troeltzsch, C., Paul, D.R.: Effects of acid neutralization on the properties of K and Na poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) ionomers. Polymer 53, 569\u2013580 (2011)","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"13_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7419","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0203952","volume":"35","author":"A Taubert","year":"2002","unstructured":"Taubert, A., Winey, K.I.: Imaging and X-ray microanalysis of a poly(ethylene-ran-methacrylic acid) ionomer melt neutralized with sodium. Macromolecules 35, 7419 (2002a)","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"13_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7419","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0203952","volume":"35","author":"A Taubert","year":"2002","unstructured":"Taubert, A., Winey, K.I.: Imaging and X-ray microanalysis of a poly(ethylene-ran-methacrylic acid) ionomer melt neutralized with sodium. Macromolecules 35, 7419 (2002b)","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"13_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tiwari, R., Kim, K.J.: Disc-shaped IPMC for use in energy harvesting. Proc. SPIE 7289, Behav. Mech. Multifunct. Mater. Compos. 72891G (2009). doi: 10.1117\/12.816100","DOI":"10.1117\/12.816100"},{"key":"13_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, R., Kim, K.J.: IPMC as a mechanoelectric energy harvester: tailored properties. IOP Publishing Ltd, Smart Mater. Struct. Int. J. 22(1), 015017 (2013)","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/22\/1\/015017"},{"key":"13_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2004.12.063","volume":"46","author":"K Wakabayashi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wakabayashi, K., Register, R.A.: Micromechanical interpretation of the modulus of ethylene\u2013(meth)acrylic acid copolymers. Polymer 46, 8838 (2005)","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"13_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.10333","volume":"41","author":"RM Walters","year":"2002","unstructured":"Walters, R.M., Sohn, K.E., Winey, K.I., Composto, R.J.: Local acid environment in poly(ethylene-ran-methacrylic acid) ionomers. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 41, 2833 (2002a)","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"13_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.10333","volume":"41","author":"RM Walters","year":"2002","unstructured":"Walters, R.M., Sohn, K.E., Winey, K.I., Composto, R.J.: Local acid environment in poly(ethylene-ran-methacrylic acid) ionomers. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 41, 2833 (2002b)","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41315-017-0013-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41315-017-0013-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41315-017-0013-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T23:01:56Z","timestamp":1568934116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s41315-017-0013-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,22]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["13"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41315-017-0013-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2366-5971","2366-598X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2366-5971","type":"print"},{"value":"2366-598X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,22]]}}}