{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:46:29Z","timestamp":1780321589101,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Intell Robot Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s41315-022-00224-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T07:02:31Z","timestamp":1643266951000},"page":"323-349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Optimal feature selection with CNN-feature learning for DDoS attack detection using meta-heuristic-based LSTM"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"V. Raghava Swamy","family":"Dora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1514-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V. Naga","family":"Lakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"224_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179074","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2959234","volume":"7","author":"MU Abbasi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abbasi, M.U., Rashad, A., Basalamah, A., Tariq, M.: Detection of epilepsy seizures in neo-natal EEG using LSTM architecture. IEEE Access 7, 179074\u2013179085 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"224_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2474118","volume":"17","author":"I Ahmad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahmad, I., Namal, S., Ylianttila, M., Gurtov, A.: Security in software defined networks: a survey. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 17(4), 2317\u20132346 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"11","key":"224_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2011.01.012","volume":"34","author":"P Arun Raj Kumar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arun Raj Kumar, P., Selvakumar, S.: Distributed denial of service attack detection using an ensemble of neural classifier. Comput. Commun. 34(11), 1328\u20131341 (2011)","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"224_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxt031","volume":"57","author":"MH Bhuyan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhuyan, M.H., Kashyap, H.J., Bhattacharyya, D.K., Kalita, J.K.: Detecting distributed denial of service attacks: methods, tools and future directions. Comput. J. 57(4), 537\u2013556 (2014)","journal-title":"Comput. J."},{"key":"224_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2018.11.004","volume":"73","author":"PD Bojovi\u0107","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bojovi\u0107, P.D., Ba\u0161i\u010devi\u0107, I., Ocovaj, S., Popovi\u0107, M.: A practical approach to detection of distributed denial-of-service attacks using a hybrid detection method. Comput. Electr. Eng. 73, 84\u201396 (2019)","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"224_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102756","volume":"168","author":"SD \u00c7akmak\u00e7\u0131","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00c7akmak\u00e7\u0131, S.D., Kemmerich, T., Ahmed, T., Baykal, N.: Online DDoS attack detection using Mahalanobis distance and Kernel-based learning algorithm. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 168, 102756 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"224_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaithanya, P.S., Gauthama Raman, M.R., Nivethitha, S., Seshan, K.S., Shankar Sriram, V.: An efficient intrusion detection approach using enhanced random forest and moth-flame optimization technique. In: Computational Intelligence in Pattern Recognition, vol. 999, pp. 877\u2013884 (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9042-5_75"},{"issue":"12","key":"224_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2007.1111","volume":"18","author":"Y Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Hwang, K., Ku, W.: Collaborative detection of DDoS attacks over multiple network domains. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 18(12), 1649\u20131662 (2007a)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"224_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxl042","volume":"50","author":"Z Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Chen, Z., Delis, A.: An inline detection and prevention framework for distributed denial of service attacks. Comput. J. 50(1), 7\u201340 (2007b)","journal-title":"Comput. J."},{"key":"224_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C.-Y., Chen, L.-A., Cai, Y.-Z., Tsai, M.-H.: RNN-based DDoS detection in IoT scenario. In: 2020 International computer symposium (ICS), pp. 448\u2013453 (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICS51289.2020.00094"},{"issue":"9","key":"224_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2009.090615","volume":"13","author":"A Chonka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chonka, A., Singh, J., Zhou, W.: Chaos theory based detection against network mimicking DDoS attacks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 13(9), 717\u2013719 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"224_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154560","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2948382","volume":"7","author":"Y Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Wu, H., Song, B., Jin, Y., Luo, X., Zeng, X.: A distributed network intrusion detection system for distributed denial of service attacks in vehicular ad hoc network. IEEE Access 7, 154560\u2013154571 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"224_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53972","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2976908","volume":"8","author":"S Haider","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haider, S., et al.: A deep CNN ensemble framework for efficient DDoS attack detection in software defined networks. IEEE Access 8, 53972\u201353983 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"224_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2006.1607877","volume":"44","author":"H Hamed","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hamed, H., Al-Shaer, E.: Taxonomy of conflicts in network security policies. Commun. Mag. IEEE 44(3), 134\u2013141 (2006)","journal-title":"Commun. Mag. IEEE"},{"issue":"1","key":"224_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.3021493","volume":"40","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Chen, W., Liu, M., Wang, Y., Meijering, E.: 3D neuron microscopy image segmentation via the ray-shooting model and a DC-BLSTM network. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 40(1), 26\u201337 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"224_CR16","first-page":"157","volume":"46","author":"ZHU Jing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jing, Z.H.U., Zhongdong, W.U., Longbin, D.I.N.G., Yang, W.A.N.G.: DDoS attack detection based on DBN in SDN environment. Comput. Eng. 46(4), 157\u2013161 (2020)","journal-title":"Comput. Eng."},{"key":"224_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107390","volume":"180","author":"\u00d6 Kasim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kasim, \u00d6.: An efficient and robust deep learning based network anomaly detection against distributed denial of service attacks. Comput. Netw. 180, 107390 (2020)","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"224_CR18","first-page":"102532","volume":"53","author":"GS Kushwah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kushwah, G.S., Ranga, V.: Voting extreme learning machine based distributed denial of service attack detection in cloud computing. J. Inf. Secur. Appl. 53, 102532 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur. Appl."},{"key":"224_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Liu, Y., Gu, L.: DDoS attack detection based on neural network. In: 2010 2nd international symposium on aware computing, pp. 196\u2013199 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/ISAC.2010.5670479"},{"issue":"7","key":"224_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2019.07.012","volume":"16","author":"Z Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, Z., He, Y., Wang, W., Zhang, B.: DDoS attack detection scheme based on entropy and PSO-BP neural network in SDN. China Commun. 16(7), 144\u2013155 (2019)","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"224_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00467-1","volume":"2","author":"A Makuvaza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Makuvaza, A., Jat, D.S., Gamundani, A.M.: Deep neural network (DNN) solution for real-time detection of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in software defined networks (SDNs). SN Comput. Sci. 2, 1\u201310 (2021)","journal-title":"SN Comput. Sci."},{"key":"224_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malipatil, S., Maheshwari, V., Chandra, M.B.: Area optimization of CMOS full adder design using 3T XOR. In: 2020 International conference on wireless communications signal processing and networking (WiSPNET), pp. 192\u2013194 (2020)","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSPNET48689.2020.9198627"},{"key":"224_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2013.12.007","volume":"69","author":"S Mirjalili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mirjalili, S., Mirjalili, S.M., Lewis, A.: Grey wolf optimizer. Adv. Eng. Softw. 69, 46\u201361 (2014)","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"224_CR24","first-page":"40","volume":"20","author":"I Namat\u0113vs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Namat\u0113vs, I.: Deep convolutional neural networks: structure, feature extraction and training. Inf. Technol. Manag. Sci. 20, 40\u201347 (2017)","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"224_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penmatsa, R.K.V., Subba Raju, K.V., Ruthala, S.: Application of whale optimization algorithm in DDOS attack detection and feature reduction. In: Inventive Computation and Information Technologies, vol. 173, pp. 93\u2013102 (2021)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-33-4305-4_8"},{"issue":"4","key":"224_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2973176","volume":"7","author":"N Ravi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ravi, N., Shalinie, S.M.: Learning-driven detection and mitigation of DDoS attack in IoT via SDN-cloud architecture. IEEE Internet Things J. 7(4), 3559\u20133570 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"10","key":"224_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2453936","volume":"10","author":"S Shin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shin, S., Wang, H., Gu, G.: A first step toward network security virtualization: from concept to prototype. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 10(10), 2236\u20132249 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"224_CR28","first-page":"102457","volume":"51","author":"K Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh, K., Dhindsa, K.S., Nehra, D.: T-CAD: a threshold based collaborative DDoS attack detection in multiple autonomous systems. J. Inf. Secur. Appl. 51, 102457 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur. Appl."},{"issue":"4","key":"224_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2016.2517622","volume":"20","author":"SM Tabatabaie Nezhad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tabatabaie Nezhad, S.M., Nazari, M., Gharavol, E.A.: A novel DoS and DDoS attacks detection algorithm using ARIMA time series model and chaotic system in computer networks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 20(4), 700\u2013703 (2016a)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"224_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2016.2517622","volume":"20","author":"SM Tabatabaie Nezhad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tabatabaie Nezhad, S.M., Nazari, M., Gharavol, E.A.: A novel DoS and DDoS attacks detection algorithm using ARIMA time series model and chaotic system in computer networks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 20(4), 700\u2013703 (2016b)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"224_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2014.2375218","volume":"64","author":"Z Tan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tan, Z., Jamdagni, A., He, X., Nanda, P., Liu, R.P., Hu, J.: Detection of denial-of-service attacks based on computer vision techniques. IEEE Trans. Comput. 64(9), 2519\u20132533 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"224_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8483","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2021.3115672","volume":"30","author":"Y Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Li, B., Liu, M., Chen, B., Wang, Y., Ouyang, W.: AutoPedestrian: an automatic data augmentation and loss function search scheme for pedestrian detection. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 30, 8483\u20138496 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"224_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-019-00310-w","volume":"13","author":"TA Tuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tuan, T.A., Long, H.V., Son, L.H., Kumar, R., Priyadarshini, I., Kim Son, N.T.: Performance evaluation of Botnet DDoS attack detection using machine learning. Evol. Intell. 13, 283\u2013294 (2020)","journal-title":"Evol. Intell."},{"key":"224_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.03.049","volume":"110","author":"S Velliangiri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Velliangiri, S., Pandey, H.M.: Fuzzy-Taylor-elephant herd optimization inspired deep belief network for DDoS attack detection and comparison with state-of-the-arts algorithms. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 110, 80\u201390 (2020)","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"224_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2019.101645","volume":"88","author":"M Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, M., Lu, Y., Qin, J.: A dynamic MLP-based DDoS attack detection method using feature selection and feedback. Comput. Secur. 88, 101645 (2020)","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"issue":"6","key":"224_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2004.2","volume":"37","author":"A Wool","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wool, A.: A quantitative study of firewall configuration errors. Computer 37(6), 62\u201367 (2004)","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"224_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45304","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977778","volume":"8","author":"J Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu, J., Lee, E., Oh, S., Seo, Y., Kim, Y.: A survey on security requirements for WSNs: focusing on the characteristics related to security. IEEE Access 8, 45304\u201345324 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"224_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.031413.00127","volume":"15","author":"ST Zargar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zargar, S.T., Joshi, J., Tipper, D.: A survey of defense mechanisms against distributed denial of service (DDoS) flooding attacks. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 15(4), 2046\u20132069 (2013)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"issue":"5","key":"224_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2881830","volume":"28","author":"K Zeng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zeng, K., Wang, Y., Mao, J., Liu, J., Peng, W., Chen, N.: A local metric for defocus blur detection based on CNN feature learning. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 28(5), 2107\u20132115 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"224_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185590","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2959985","volume":"7","author":"C Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Luo, F., Ranzi, G.: An advanced persistent distributed denial-of-service attack model with reverse-path forwarding-based defending strategy. IEEE Access 7, 185590\u2013185596 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"224_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Gaurav, A., Gupta, B.B., Lytras, M.D., Razzak, I.: A fine-grained access control and security approach for intelligent vehicular transport in 6G communication system. In: IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems, pp. 1\u201310 (2021)","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3106825"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41315-022-00224-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41315-022-00224-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41315-022-00224-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T13:48:01Z","timestamp":1654004881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s41315-022-00224-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41315-022-00224-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2366-5971","2366-598X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2366-5971","type":"print"},{"value":"2366-598X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}