{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T04:21:05Z","timestamp":1774930865766,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund of Hungary","award":["142790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["142790"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015763","name":"University of Szeged","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Intell Robot Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Accurate calibration of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers is crucial for enhancing the performance of low-cost inertial measurement units (IMUs). This paper introduces a novel calibration technique that leverages artificial neural networks (ANNs) combined with data from multiple IMUs to increase the accuracy of the calibration. The proposed method involves a calibrated UR robot, which enables the data acquisition of ground truth data for an effective calibration of IMUs. It enhances the calibration accuracy by utilizing the collective measurements from five IMUs within an accelerometer array. Fourteen sets of measurement data were established in dynamic environments using the robotic arm. The ANN-based approach was trained using ten datasets of dynamic measurements, where the trained model is validated against four unseen test data. The ANN-based calibration performance is evaluated by comparing it to standard methods such as ellipsoid fitting method and arithmetic averaging of the sensor outputs. Results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior calibration accuracy, with an improvement of 18.2% over the ellipsoid fitting technique and 23.3% over the averaging method. It also shows that fusing accelerometer measurements with Euler angles calculated from acceleration as input data for the ANN provided the best results for the calibration. The findings suggest that integrating ANN models with data fusion from multiple sensors significantly improves the calibration accuracy of MEMS accelerometers, thereby enhancing their potential for use in precise motion sensing applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41315-025-00438-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T06:26:19Z","timestamp":1743056779000},"page":"1459-1479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Artificial neural network-based MEMS accelerometer array calibration"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4492-3253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Pesti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4050-8231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Sarcevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9554-9586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akos","family":"Odry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"438_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.12720\/ijsps.1.2.256-262","volume":"1","author":"N Ahmad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahmad, N., Raja Ghazilla, R.A., Khairi, N., Kasi, V.: Reviews on various inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor applications. Int. J. Signal Process. Syst. 1, 256\u2013262 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12720\/ijsps.1.2.256-262","journal-title":"Int. J. Signal Process. Syst."},{"issue":"7","key":"438_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6771","DOI":"10.3390\/s110706771","volume":"11","author":"JB Bancroft","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bancroft, J.B., Lachapelle, G.: Data fusion algorithms for multiple inertial measurement units. Sensors 11(7), 6771\u20136798 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s110706771","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"438_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3104042","volume":"70","author":"B Candan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Candan, B., Soken, H.E.: Robust attitude estimation using IMU-only measurements. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 70, 1\u20139 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIM.2021.3104042","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"issue":"6","key":"438_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8451","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3050010","volume":"21","author":"H Carlsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carlsson, H., Skog, I., Jald\u00e9n, J.: Self-calibration of inertial sensor arrays. IEEE Sens. J. 21(6), 8451\u20138463 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3050010","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"438_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheuk, C.M., Lau, T.K., Lin, K.W., Liu, Y.: Automatic calibration for inertial measurement unit. In: 2012 12th International Conference on Control Automation Robotics & Vision (ICARCV), pp. 1341\u20131346 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICARCV.2012.6485340","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARCV.2012.6485340"},{"key":"438_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cui, X., Liu, C., Shi, G., Jin, Y.: A new calibration method for MEMS accelerometers with genetic algorithm. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Real-time Computing and Robotics (RCAR), pp. 240\u2013245 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RCAR.2017.8311867","DOI":"10.1109\/RCAR.2017.8311867"},{"key":"438_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cui, S., Cui, L., Du, Y., Chai, S., Zhang, B.: Calibration of MEMS accelerometer using Kaiser filter and the ellipsoid fitting method. In: 2018 37th Chinese Control Conference (CCC), pp. 4679\u20134684 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/ChiCC.2018.8483761","DOI":"10.23919\/ChiCC.2018.8483761"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"438_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-020-01259-0","volume":"100","author":"M Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong, M., Yao, G., Li, J., Zhang, L.: Calibration of low cost IMU\u2019s inertial sensors for improved attitude estimation. J. Intell. Robot. Syst. 100(3\u20134), 1015\u20131029 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10846-020-01259-0","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"438_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-45770-8_57","volume-title":"Advances in Mechanism and Machine Science","author":"M Duchi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duchi, M., Zaccaria, F., Briot, S., Ida, E.: Total least squares in-field identification for\u00a0MEMS-based triaxial accelerometers. In: Okada, M. (ed.) Advances in Mechanism and Machine Science, pp. 570\u2013579. Springer, Cham (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-45770-8_57"},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-024-01230-6","volume":"88","author":"O Dyhdalovych","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dyhdalovych, O., Yaroshevych, A., Kapshii, O., Kravets, I., Farenyuk, O.: Particle filter-based BLE and IMU fusion algorithm for indoor localization. Telecommun. Syst. 88(1), 9 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11235-024-01230-6","journal-title":"Telecommun. Syst."},{"issue":"6","key":"438_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0143-0807\/37\/6\/065008","volume":"37","author":"D Eager","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eager, D., Pendrill, A.-M., Reistad, N.: Beyond velocity and acceleration: jerk, snap and higher derivatives. Eur. J. Phys. 37(6), 065008 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0143-0807\/37\/6\/065008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys."},{"key":"438_CR12","unstructured":"Fisher, C.J.: Using an accelerometer for inclination sensing (2010)"},{"issue":"6","key":"438_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2008.2006137","volume":"58","author":"I Frosio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frosio, I., Pedersini, F., Borghese, N.A.: Autocalibration of MEMS accelerometers. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 58(6), 2034\u20132041 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIM.2008.2006137","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.03.006","volume":"111","author":"M Gietzelt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gietzelt, M., Wolf, K.-H., Marschollek, M., Haux, R.: Performance comparison of accelerometer calibration algorithms based on 3D-ellipsoid fitting methods. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 111(1), 62\u201371 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.03.006","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"438_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1139\/tcsme-2008-0025","volume":"32","author":"LT Grigorie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grigorie, L.T., Botez, R.M.: The bias temperature dependence estimation and compensation for an accelerometer by use of the neuro-fuzzy techniques. Trans. Can. Soc. Mech. Eng. 32(3\u20134), 383\u2013400 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/tcsme-2008-0025","journal-title":"Trans. Can. Soc. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"438_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2022.114024","volume":"349","author":"C Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, C., Shi, Y., Cao, H., Wen, X., Zhao, R.: Dynamic parameter identification of a high g accelerometer based on BP-PSO algorithm. Sens. Actuators Phys. 349, 114024 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sna.2022.114024","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators Phys."},{"key":"438_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.114001","volume":"225","author":"A Harindranath","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harindranath, A., Arora, M.: A systematic review of user\u2014conducted calibration methods for MEMS-based IMUs. Measurement 225, 114001 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.114001","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-018-5688-3","volume":"101","author":"MA Hasan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hasan, M.A., Mishuk, M.N.: MEMS IMU based pedestrian indoor navigation for smart glass. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 101(1), 287\u2013303 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11277-018-5688-3","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"438_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s41315-022-00255-x","volume":"7","author":"Y Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Shi, X., Zhou, Y., Xiong, Z.: Autonomous navigation of mobile robot in radiation environment with uneven terrain. Int. J. Intell. Robot. Appl. 7(3), 497\u2013509 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41315-022-00255-x","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Robot. Appl."},{"key":"438_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41315-024-00350-1","author":"AS Irwansyah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Irwansyah, A.S., Heryadi, B., Dewi, D.K., Saputra, R.P., Abidin, Z.: ROS-based multi-sensor integrated localization system for cost-effective and accurate indoor navigation system. Int. J. Intell. Robot. Appl. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41315-024-00350-1","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Robot. Appl."},{"key":"438_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karnawat, S., Rufus, E., Karar, V., Poddar, S.: Accelerometer to accelerometer calibration using particle swarm optimization. In: 2017 2nd IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT), pp. 1502\u20131506 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RTEICT.2017.8256848","DOI":"10.1109\/RTEICT.2017.8256848"},{"issue":"13","key":"438_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14887","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3074272","volume":"21","author":"I Kecsk\u00e9s","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kecsk\u00e9s, I., Odry, \u00c1., Tadi\u0107, V., Odry, P.: Simultaneous calibration of a hexapod robot and an IMU sensor model based on raw measurements. IEEE Sens. J. 21(13), 14887\u201314898 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3074272","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"438_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuncar, A., Sysel, M., Urbanek, T.: Calibration of low-cost accelerometer and magnetometer with differential evolution. In: 2017 International Conference on Military Technologies (ICMT), pp. 414\u2013418 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MILTECHS.2017.7988795","DOI":"10.1109\/MILTECHS.2017.7988795"},{"key":"438_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, F., Wang, D., Zhang, N., Zheng, R., Zhu, Y.: Autocalibration for MEMS triaxial accelerometer based on a PID-based search algorithm. In: 2024 6th International Conference on Intelligent Control, Measurement and Signal Processing (ICMSP), pp. 470\u2013473 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICMSP64464.2024.10866298","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMSP64464.2024.10866298"},{"key":"438_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liang, S., Dong, X., Guo, T., Zhao, F., Zhang, Y.: Peripheral-free calibration method for redundant IMUs based on array-based consumer-grade mems information fusion. Micromachines 13(8), Art. no. 8 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi13081214","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13081214"},{"issue":"3","key":"438_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2178070","volume":"59","author":"S Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, S., Gao, R.X., John, D., Staudenmayer, J.W., Freedson, P.S.: Multisensor data fusion for physical activity assessment. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 59(3), 687\u2013696 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2011.2178070","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"438_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12720\/jcm.11.5.516-522","author":"Y Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Xiang, G., Lu, Y., Cao, Y., Li, Y., Lv, L.: Calibration of MEMS accelerometer based on kalman filter and the improved six position method. J. Commun. (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12720\/jcm.11.5.516-522","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"438_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahdi, A.E., Azouz, A., Abdalla, A., Abosekeen, A.: IMU-error estimation and cancellation using ANFIS for improved UAV navigation. In: 2022 13th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEENG), Cairo, Egypt, pp. 120\u2013124. IEEE (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICEENG49683.2022.9782058","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEENG49683.2022.9782058"},{"key":"438_CR29","unstructured":"Martin, H., Groves, P.: Mark Newman, and ramsey faragher. A new approach to better low-cost MEMS IMU performance using sensor arrays, vol. 3 (2013)"},{"key":"438_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2024.3368485","volume":"73","author":"J Mi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mi, J., Wang, Q., Liu, P., Han, X.: A performance enhancement method for redundant IMU based on neural network and geometric constraint. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 73, 1\u201311 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIM.2024.3368485","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"issue":"10","key":"438_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2344332","volume":"63","author":"J-O Nilsson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nilsson, J.-O., Skog, I., H\u00e4ndel, P.: Aligning the forces\u2014eliminating the misalignments in IMU arrays. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 63(10), 2498\u20132500 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIM.2014.2344332","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"438_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nilsson, J.-O., Skog, I.: Inertial sensor arrays\u2014a literature review. In: 2016 European Navigation Conference (ENC), pp. 1\u201310 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EURONAV.2016.7530551","DOI":"10.1109\/EURONAV.2016.7530551"},{"key":"438_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ning, Z., Zhang, Y., Wei, X., Wang, Y., Chang, L., Guo, K.: MIMU error calibration method of turntable free platform based on improved genetic algorithm. In: 2023 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA), pp. 1088\u20131095 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICMA57826.2023.10216257","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMA57826.2023.10216257"},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13673-019-0194-5","volume":"9","author":"HF Nweke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nweke, H.F., Teh, Y.W., Mujtaba, G., Alo, U.R., Al-garadi, M.A.: Multi-sensor fusion based on multiple classifier systems for human activity identification. Hum. Cent. Comput. Inf. Sci. 9(1), 34 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13673-019-0194-5","journal-title":"Hum. Cent. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"438_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Odry, \u00c1., Kecskes, I., Sarcevic, P., Vizvari, Z., Toth, A., Odry, P.: A novel fuzzy-adaptive extended kalman filter for real-time attitude estimation of mobile robots. Sensors 20(3), Art. no. 3 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20030803","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030803"},{"key":"438_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2013.06.051","volume":"346","author":"H Pang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pang, H., et al.: Calibration of three-axis magnetometers with differential evolution algorithm. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 346, 5\u201310 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmmm.2013.06.051","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"438_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17565","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3144687","volume":"10","author":"UN Patel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel, U.N., Faruque, I.A.: Multi-IMU based alternate navigation frameworks: performance & comparison for UAS. IEEE Access 10, 17565\u201317577 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3144687","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"438_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pesti, R., Sarcevic, P., Cs\u00edk, D., Nagy, I., Odry, A.: Comparison of optimization algorithms for installation error calibration of accelerometer arrays. In: 2023 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics (CINTI), Budapest, Hungary: IEEE, pp. 47\u201352 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CINTI59972.2023.10382086","DOI":"10.1109\/CINTI59972.2023.10382086"},{"key":"438_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2019.07.077","volume":"147","author":"S Poddar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Poddar, S., Kumar, A.: Scale-free PSO for in-run and infield inertial sensor calibration. Measurement 147, 106849 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.measurement.2019.07.077","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"438_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4034419","author":"S Poddar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poddar, S., Kumar, V., Kumar, A.: A comprehensive overview of inertial sensor calibration techniques. J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4034419","journal-title":"J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control"},{"issue":"22","key":"438_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7479","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2751572","volume":"17","author":"U Qureshi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qureshi, U., Golnaraghi, F.: An algorithm for the in-field calibration of a MEMS IMU. IEEE Sens. J. 17(22), 7479\u20137486 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2751572","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-017-0606-1","volume":"10","author":"P Sarcevic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sarcevic, P., Kincses, Z., Pletl, S.: Online human movement classification using wrist-worn wireless sensors. J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput. 10(1), 89\u2013106 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12652-017-0606-1","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"438_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sarcevic, P., Pletl, S., Odry, A.: Real-time vehicle classification system using a single magnetometer. Sensors 22(23), Art. no. 23 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22239299","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239299"},{"key":"438_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sarcevic, P., et al.: Online outdoor terrain classification algorithm for wheeled mobile robots equipped with inertial and magnetic sensors. Electronics 12(15), Art. no. 15 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics12153238.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12153238"},{"issue":"16","key":"438_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4218","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2016.2560136","volume":"64","author":"I Skog","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skog, I., Nilsson, J.-O., H\u00e4ndel, P., Nehorai, A.: Inertial sensor arrays, maximum likelihood, and Cram\u00e9r-Rao bound. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 64(16), 4218\u20134227 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSP.2016.2560136","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"9","key":"438_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6787","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.2978568","volume":"69","author":"MA Soriano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soriano, M.A., Khan, F., Ahmad, R.: Two-axis accelerometer calibration and nonlinear correction using neural networks: design, optimization, and experimental evaluation. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 69(9), 6787\u20136794 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIM.2020.2978568","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/2492\/1\/012005","volume":"2492","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, J., Liu, N.: MEMS-IMU automatic calibration system design and implementation. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2492(1), 012005 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/2492\/1\/012005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"issue":"10","key":"438_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-023-00850-3","volume":"24","author":"T Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, T., Zhong, S., Luo, H., Kuang, N.: Drift error calibration method based on multi-MEMS gyroscope data fusion. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 24(10), 1835\u20131844 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12541-023-00850-3","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf."},{"issue":"8","key":"438_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13279","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2024.3373458","volume":"24","author":"T Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, T., Li, K., Luo, H., Zhong, S.: Improving the measurement accuracy of the MEMS IMU array by a new calibration and fusion technology. IEEE Sens. J. 24(8), 13279\u201313292 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSEN.2024.3373458","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"438_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, J., Jin, W.: Inertial measurement unit calibration method based on neural network. In: 2023 16th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI), Taizhou, China, pp. 1\u20136. IEEE (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CISP-BMEI60920.2023.10373286","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP-BMEI60920.2023.10373286"},{"key":"438_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, C., He, R., Chen, S.: Particle swarm optimization and differential evolution hybrid algorithm applied to calibration of triaxial accelerometer. In: Proceedings of the 2022 5th International Conference on Sensors, Signal and Image Processing, in SSIP \u201922. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 47\u201353 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3577148.3577157","DOI":"10.1145\/3577148.3577157"},{"key":"438_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.3026024","volume":"70","author":"T Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu, T., Xu, X., Xu, D., Zhao, H.: A novel calibration method using six positions for MEMS triaxial accelerometer. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 70, 1\u201311 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIM.2020.3026024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"issue":"14","key":"438_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22801","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2024.3406914","volume":"24","author":"H Yi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yi, H., et al.: High-precision attitude estimation based on differential IMU array. IEEE Sens. J. 24(14), 22801\u201322813 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSEN.2024.3406914","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"438_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.07.009","volume":"160","author":"S Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu, S., Jiang, Z.: Design of the navigation system through the fusion of IMU and wheeled encoders. Comput. Commun. 160, 730\u2013737 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.07.009","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"438_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2020.2969146","volume":"5","author":"M Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Xu, X., Chen, Y., Li, M.: A lightweight and accurate localization algorithm using multiple inertial measurement units. IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 5(2), 1508\u20131515 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LRA.2020.2969146","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"438_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/21\/1\/015107","volume":"21","author":"H Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Wu, Y., Wu, W., Wu, M., Hu, X.: Improved multi-position calibration for inertial measurement units. Meas. Sci. Technol. 21(1), 015107 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0957-0233\/21\/1\/015107","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"438_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2024.115096","volume":"369","author":"X Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Ji, Y., Ning, X.: Accelerometer calibration based on improved particle swarm optimization algorithm of support vector machine. Sens. Actuators Phys. 369, 115096 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sna.2024.115096","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators Phys."},{"key":"438_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2023.3234081","volume":"73","author":"Z Zou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zou, Z., et al.: Robust equipment-free calibration of low-cost inertial measurement units. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 73, 1\u201312 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIM.2023.3234081","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41315-025-00438-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41315-025-00438-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41315-025-00438-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T09:35:56Z","timestamp":1765532156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s41315-025-00438-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41315-025-00438-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2366-5971","2366-598X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2366-5971","type":"print"},{"value":"2366-598X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}