{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T17:11:44Z","timestamp":1768410704469,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745107200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Organization for Electronics and Informatics, National Research and Innovation Agency"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Intell Robot Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s41315-025-00443-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T07:33:16Z","timestamp":1745134396000},"page":"1550-1576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fusion-based localization for personal mobility vehicles using INS, GPS, and RTAB mapping"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6989-8830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roni Permana","family":"Saputra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vita","family":"Susanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Afrias","family":"Sarotama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammad Hafil","family":"Nugraha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dyah Kusuma","family":"Dewi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Midriem","family":"Mirdanies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yukhi Mustaqim Kusuma","family":"Sya\u2019bana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eko Joni","family":"Pristianto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dayat","family":"Kurniawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"443_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andersen, H., Eng, Y.H., Leong, W. K., Zhang, C., Kong, H.X., Pendleton, S., et al.: Autonomous personal mobility scooter for multi-class mobility-on-demand service. In: 2016 IEEE 19th international conference on intelligent transportation systems (ITSC), p. 1753\u201360 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ITSC.2016.7795795.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2016.7795795"},{"key":"443_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041518","author":"E Balestrieri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balestrieri, E., Daponte, P., De Vito, L., Lamonaca, F.: Sensors and measurements for unmanned systems: an overview. Sensors (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21041518","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"443_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baumbach, D., Zhang, H., Zuev, S., Wohlfeil, J., Knoche, M., Klette, R.: GPS and IMU require visual odometry for elevation accuracy. 2018 15th IEEE international conference on advanced video and signal based surveillance (AVSS), p. 1\u20136 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AVSS.2018.8639138.","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2018.8639138"},{"key":"443_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boche, S., Zuo, X., Schaefer, S., Leutenegger, S.: Visual-inertial SLAM with tightly-coupled dropout-tolerant GPS fusion. In: 2022 IEEE\/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), p. 7020\u20137 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IROS47612.2022.9981134.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS47612.2022.9981134"},{"key":"443_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13073692","author":"S Boglietti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boglietti, S., Barabino, B., Maternini, G.: Survey on e-powered micro personal mobility vehicles: exploring current issues towards future developments. Sustainability (Switzerland) (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13073692","journal-title":"Sustainability (Switzerland)"},{"key":"443_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2021.3075644","volume":"37","author":"C Campos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Campos, C., Elvira, R., Rodr\u00edguez, J.J.G., Montiel, J.M.M., Tard\u00f3s, J.D.: ORB-SLAM3: an accurate open-source library for visual, visual-inertial, and multimap SLAM. IEEE Trans. Rob. 37, 1874\u20131890 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TRO.2021.3075644","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rob."},{"key":"443_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103499","volume":"134","author":"E Cascetta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cascetta, E., Carten\u00ec, A., Di Francesco, L.: Do autonomous vehicles drive like humans? A Turing approach and an application to SAE automation Level 2 cars. Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. 134, 103499 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103499","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"443_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174702","author":"L Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang, L., Niu, X., Liu, T.: GNSS\/IMU\/ODO\/LiDAR-SLAM integrated navigation system using IMU\/ODO pre-integration. Sensors (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20174702","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"443_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Farej, Z. K., Ismail A. N.: On the location accuracy of the multi-antenna GPS. In: 2023 international conference on engineering, science and advanced technology (ICESAT) (2023), p. 29\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICESAT58213.2023.10347306.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICESAT58213.2023.10347306"},{"key":"443_CR10","unstructured":"Fukagawa, K.: WHILL: revolutionizing personal mobility with autonomous-driving wheelchairs 2020 (2024). https:\/\/d3.harvard.edu\/platform-digit\/submission\/whill-revolutionizing-personal-mobility-with-autonomous-driving-wheelchairs. Accessed October 10, 2024"},{"key":"443_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geiger, A., Ziegler, J., Stiller, C.: StereoScan: dense 3d reconstruction in real-time. In: 2011 IEEE intelligent vehicles symposium (IV), p. 963\u20138 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IVS.2011.5940405.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2011.5940405"},{"key":"443_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3390\/jcp3030025","volume":"3","author":"A Giannaros","year":"2023","unstructured":"Giannaros, A., Karras, A., Theodorakopoulos, L., Karras, C., Kranias, P., Schizas, N., et al.: Autonomous vehicles: sophisticated attacks, safety issues, challenges, open topics, blockchain, and future directions. J. Cybersecurity Privacy 3, 493\u2013543 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcp3030025","journal-title":"J. Cybersecurity Privacy"},{"key":"443_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-019-01714-6","volume":"36","author":"M He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He, M., Zhu, C., Huang, Q., Ren, B., Liu, J.: A review of monocular visual odometry. Vis. Comput.comput. 36, 1053\u20131065 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00371-019-01714-6","journal-title":"Vis. Comput.comput."},{"key":"443_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hess, W., Kohler, D., Rapp, H., Andor, D.: Real-time loop closure in 2D LIDAR SLAM. In: 2016 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA), IEEE; p. 1271\u20138 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRA.2016.7487258.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2016.7487258"},{"key":"443_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang, A. S., Bachrach, A., Henry P., Krainin, M., Maturana, D., Fox, D., et al.: Visual odometry and mapping for autonomous flight using an RGB-D camera. In: Robotics Research: The 15th international symposium ISRR, Springer; p. 235\u201352 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-29363-9_14.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29363-9_14"},{"key":"443_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030899","author":"V Ilci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ilci, V., Toth, C.: High definition 3D map creation using GNSS\/IMU\/LiDAR sensor integration to support autonomous vehicle navigation. Sensors (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20030899","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"443_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41315-024-00350-1","author":"AS Irwansyah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Irwansyah, A.S., Heryadi, B., Dewi, D.K., Saputra, R.P., Abidin, Z.: ROS-based multi-sensor integrated localization system for cost-effective and accurate indoor navigation system. Int. J. Intell. Robot. Appl. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41315-024-00350-1","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Robot. Appl."},{"key":"443_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Isono, Y., Yoshitake, H., Shino, M.: Autonomous navigation method considering passenger comfort recognition for personal mobility vehicles in crowded pedestrian spaces. In: de Sousa AA, Debattista K, Paljic A, Ziat M, Hurter C, Purchase H, et al., editors. Computer vision, imaging and computer graphics theory and applications, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland; p. 182\u2013202 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-45725-8_9.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-45725-8_9"},{"key":"443_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7100228","volume":"7","author":"F Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez, F., Naranjo, J.E., S\u00e1nchez, S., Serradilla, F., P\u00e9rez, E., Hern\u00e1ndez, M.J., et al.: Communications and driver monitoring aids for fostering sae level-4 road vehicles automation. Electronics (Switzerland) 7, 1\u201318 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics7100228","journal-title":"Electronics (Switzerland)"},{"key":"443_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092463","author":"T Kersten","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kersten, T., Paffenholz, J.-A.: Feasibility of consumer grade GNSS receivers for the integration in multi-sensor-systems. Sensors (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20092463","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"443_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kohlbrecher, S., von Stryk, O., Meyer, J., Klingauf, U.: A flexible and scalable SLAM system with full 3D motion estimation. In: 2011 IEEE international symposium on safety, security, and rescue robotics, p. 155\u201360 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SSRR.2011.6106777.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSRR.2011.6106777"},{"key":"443_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2812300","volume":"5","author":"S Kuutti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuutti, S., Fallah, S., Katsaros, K., Dianati, M., Mccullough, F., Mouzakitis, A.: A survey of the state-of-the-art localization techniques and their potentials for autonomous vehicle applications. IEEE Internet Things J. 5, 829\u2013846 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2812300","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"443_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21831","volume":"36","author":"M Labb\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Labb\u00e9, M., Michaud, F.: RTAB-Map as an open-source lidar and visual simultaneous localization and mapping library for large-scale and long-term online operation. J. Field Robot. 36, 416\u2013446 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rob.21831","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"443_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801886","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2022.801886","volume":"9","author":"M Labb\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Labb\u00e9, M., Michaud, F.: Multi-session visual SLAM for illumination-invariant re-localization in indoor environments. Front Robot AI 9, 801886 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frobt.2022.801886","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"key":"443_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lau, L.: GNSS multipath errors and mitigation techniques. In: GPS and GNSS technology in geosciences, Elsevier; p. 77\u201398 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-818617-6.00009-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818617-6.00009-3"},{"key":"443_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53984","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2981015","volume":"8","author":"D Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, D., Jia, X., Zhao, J.: A novel hybrid fusion algorithm for low-cost GPS\/INS integrated navigation system during GPS outages. IEEE Access 8, 53984\u201353996 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2981015","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"443_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2024.03.008","volume":"210","author":"Q Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, Q., Zhuang, Y., Huai, J., Wang, X., Wang, B., Cao, Y.: A robust data-model dual-driven fusion with uncertainty estimation for LiDAR\u2013IMU localization system. ISPRS J. Photogr. Remote Sens. 210, 128\u2013140 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2024.03.008","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogr. Remote Sens."},{"key":"443_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1108\/IR-12-2020-0272","volume":"48","author":"R Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin, R., Xu, J., Zhang, J.: GLO-SLAM: a slam system optimally combining GPS and LiDAR odometry. Indus. Robot 48, 726\u2013736 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IR-12-2020-0272","journal-title":"Indus. Robot"},{"key":"443_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morales, Y., Akai, N., Murase, H.: Personal mobility vehicle autonomous navigation through pedestrian flow: a data driven approach for parameter extraction. In: 2018 IEEE\/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), p. 3438\u201344 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IROS.2018.8593902.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2018.8593902"},{"key":"443_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2017.2705103","volume":"33","author":"R Mur-Artal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mur-Artal, R., Tard\u00f3s, J.D.: ORB-SLAM2: an open-source SLAM system for monocular, stereo, and RGB-D cameras. IEEE Trans. Rob. 33, 1255\u20131262 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TRO.2017.2705103","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rob."},{"key":"443_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2018.2853729","volume":"34","author":"T Qin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qin, T., Li, P., Shen, S.: VINS-Mono: a robust and versatile monocular visual-inertial state estimator. IEEE Trans. Rob. 34, 1004\u20131020 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TRO.2018.2853729","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Rob."},{"key":"443_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9453(2007)133:4(159)","volume":"133","author":"JR Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez, J.R., \u00c1lvarez, M.F., Enoc, S.-A.: Assessment of low-cost GPS receiver accuracy and precision in forest environments. J. Surv. Eng.surv. Eng. 133, 159\u2013167 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9453(2007)133:4(159)","journal-title":"J. Surv. Eng.surv. Eng."},{"key":"443_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shan, T., Englot, B.: Lego-loam: Lightweight and ground-optimized lidar odometry and mapping on variable terrain. In: 2018 IEEE\/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), IEEE; p. 4758\u201365 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IROS.2018.8594299.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2018.8594299"},{"key":"443_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shan, T., Englot, B., Meyers, D., Wang, W., Ratti, C., Rus, D.: LIO-SAM: tightly-coupled lidar inertial odometry via smoothing and mapping. In: 2020 IEEE\/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), p. 5135\u201342 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IROS45743.2020.9341176.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS45743.2020.9341176"},{"key":"443_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharifi, M., Chen, X., Pretty, C.G.: Experimental study on using visual odometry for navigation in outdoor GPS-denied environments. In: 2016 12th IEEE\/ASME international conference on mechatronic and embedded systems and applications (MESA), IEEE; p. 1\u20135 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MESA.2016.7587182.","DOI":"10.1109\/MESA.2016.7587182"},{"key":"443_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2021.0120448","author":"P Singkhamfu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singkhamfu, P., Suwansrikham, P.: An experiment for outdoor GPS localization enhancement using Kalman filter with multiantenna consumer-grade sensors. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl.comput. Sci. Appl. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14569\/IJACSA.2021.0120448","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl.comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"443_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103614","author":"L Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song, L., Zhou, L., Xu, P., Zhao, W., Li, S., Li, Z.: Research on the error of global positioning system based on time series analysis. Sensors (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22103614","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"443_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.0574\/wjarr.2024.21.1.0258","volume":"21","author":"S Sonko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sonko, S., Etukudoh, E.A., Ibekwe, K.I., Ilojianya, V.I., Daudu, C.D.: A comprehensive review of embedded systems in autonomous vehicles: trends, challenges, and future directions. World J. Adv. Res. Rev. 21, 2009\u20132020 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.0574\/wjarr.2024.21.1.0258","journal-title":"World J. Adv. Res. Rev."},{"key":"443_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en14217413","author":"A Stateczny","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stateczny, A., Specht, C., Specht, M., Br\u010di\u0107, D., Jugovi\u0107, A., Wid\u017agowski, S., et al.: Study on the positioning accuracy of GNSS\/INS systems supported by DGPS and RTK receivers for hydrographic surveys. Energies (Basel) (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14217413","journal-title":"Energies (Basel)"},{"key":"443_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s41315-021-00164-5","volume":"5","author":"G Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie, G., Zong, Q., Zhang, X., Tian, B.: Loosely-coupled lidar-inertial odometry and mapping in real time. Int. J. Intell. Robot. Appl. 5, 119\u2013129 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41315-021-00164-5","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Robot. Appl."},{"key":"443_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2018.2805231","volume":"67","author":"Q Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu, Q., Li, X., Chan, C.-Y.: Enhancing localization accuracy of MEMS-INS\/GPS\/in-vehicle sensors integration during GPS outages. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.instrum. Meas. 67, 1966\u20131978 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIM.2018.2805231","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.instrum. Meas."},{"key":"443_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s41315-023-00277-z","volume":"7","author":"C Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, C., Fan, Z., Zhu, Q., Yang, P., Mei, C., Lu, B.: Robust navigation system for UGV based on the IMU\/vision\/geomagnetic fusion. Int. J. Intell. Robot. Appl. 7, 321\u2013334 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41315-023-00277-z","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Robot. Appl."},{"key":"443_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41315-024-00352-z","author":"C-Y Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, C.-Y., Samani, H., Tang, Z., Li, C.: Implementation of extended Kalman filter for localization of ambulance robot. Int. J. Intell. Robot. Appl. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41315-024-00352-z","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Robot. Appl."},{"key":"443_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062140","author":"DJ Yeong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yeong, D.J., Velasco-Hernandez, G., Barry, J., Walsh, J.: Sensor and sensor fusion technology in autonomous vehicles: a review. Sensors (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21062140","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"443_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2023.p0231","volume":"35","author":"H Yoshitake","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yoshitake, H., Isono, Y., Shino, M.: Pedestrian avoidance method considering passenger comfort for autonomous personal mobility vehicles. J. Robot. Mechatron. 35, 231\u2013239 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20965\/jrm.2023.p0231","journal-title":"J. Robot. Mechatron."},{"key":"443_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1108\/IR-09-2023-0225","volume":"51","author":"X Yue","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yue, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Chen, J., Zhou, X., He, M.: LiDAR-based SLAM for robotic mapping: state of the art and new frontiers. Indus. Robot 51, 196\u2013205 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IR-09-2023-0225","journal-title":"Indus. Robot"},{"key":"443_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5607\/rss.2014.x.007","volume":"2","author":"J Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Singh, S.: LOAM: lidar odometry and mapping in real-time. Robot. Sci. Syst. 2, 1\u20139 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5607\/rss.2014.x.007","journal-title":"Robot. Sci. Syst."},{"key":"443_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.26599\/JICV.2023.9210027","volume":"7","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Liang, Y., Ma, Z., Guo, L., Zhang, H.: Localization and mapping algorithm based on lidar-IMU-camera fusion. J. Intell. Connect. Veh. 7, 97\u2013107 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26599\/JICV.2023.9210027","journal-title":"J. Intell. Connect. Veh."},{"key":"443_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1108\/AA-12-2020-0199","volume":"41","author":"G Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou, G., Luo, J., Xu, S., Zhang, S., Meng, S., Xiang, K.: An EKF-based multiple data fusion for mobile robot indoor localization. Assem. Autom.. Autom. 41, 274\u2013282 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/AA-12-2020-0199","journal-title":"Assem. Autom.. Autom."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41315-025-00443-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41315-025-00443-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41315-025-00443-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T09:35:06Z","timestamp":1765532106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s41315-025-00443-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41315-025-00443-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2366-5971","2366-598X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2366-5971","type":"print"},{"value":"2366-598X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}