{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T13:21:30Z","timestamp":1771680090784,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Healthc Inform Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s41666-021-00091-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T15:03:10Z","timestamp":1611759790000},"page":"300-318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Cross-Sectional Study to Predict Mortality for Medicare Patients Based on the Combined Use of HCUP Tools"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2951-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Zikos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aashara","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonidas","family":"Fegaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"91_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12876","volume":"23","author":"A Taylor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taylor A, Pare J, Venkatesh A et al (2016) Prediction of hospital mortality in emergency department patients with sepsis: a local big data-driven, machine learning approach. Acad Emerg Med 23(3):269\u2013278","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"91_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3414\/ME18-01-0014","volume":"57","author":"A Khojandi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khojandi A, Tansakul V, Li X, Koszalinski RS, Paiva W (2018) Prediction of sepsis and hospital mortality using electronic health records. Methods Inf Med 57(4):185\u2013193","journal-title":"Methods Inf Med"},{"key":"91_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2017.10.002","volume":"108","author":"A Awad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Awad A, Bader-El-Den M, McNicholas J et al (2017) Early hospital mortality prediction of intensive care unit patients using an ensemble learning approach. Int J Med Inform 108:185\u2013195","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"issue":"2","key":"91_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/0951484817696212","volume":"30","author":"A Awad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Awad A, Bader-El-Den M, James McNicholas J (2017) Patient length of stay and mortality prediction: a survey. Health Serv Manag Res 30(2):105\u2013120","journal-title":"Health Serv Manag Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"91_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1071\/AH15101","volume":"41","author":"A Partington","year":"2017","unstructured":"Partington A, Chew DP, Ben-Tovim D, Horsfall M, Hakendorf P, Karnon J (2017) Screening for important unwarranted variation in clinical practice: a triple-test of processes of care, costs, and patient outcomes. Aust Health Rev 41(1):104\u2013110","journal-title":"Aust Health Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"91_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002248","volume":"267","author":"C Krautz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krautz C, Nimptsch U, Weber G et al (2018) Effect of hospital volume on hospital morbidity and mortality following pancreatic surgery in Germany. Ann Surg 267(3):411\u2013417","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"91_CR7","unstructured":"Amato L, Fusco D, Acampora A et al (2017) Volume and health outcomes: evidence from systematic reviews and from evaluation of Italian hospital data. Epidemiol Prev 41(5\u20136 (Suppl 2)):1\u2013128"},{"issue":"16","key":"91_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0403","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010403","volume":"97","author":"MA Elsebaey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elsebaey MA, Elashry H, Elbedewy TA, Elhadidy AA, Esheba NE, Ezat S, Negm MS, Abo-Amer YEE, Abgeegy ME, Elsergany HF, Mansour L, Abd-Elsalam S (2018) Predictors of hospital mortality in a cohort of elderly Egyptian patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Medicine (Baltimore) 97(16):e0403","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"3","key":"91_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029614550820","volume":"22","author":"N \u00d6zg\u00fcr Do\u011fan","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr Do\u011fan N, Ak\u0131nc\u0131 E, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f H et al (2016) Predictors of inhospital mortality in geriatric patients presenting to the emergency department with ischemic stroke. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 22(3):280\u2013284","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"},{"issue":"6","key":"91_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2014.6710","volume":"25","author":"KH Morsy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morsy KH, Ghaliony MA, Mohammed HS (2014) Outcomes and predictors of hospital mortality among cirrhotic patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in upper Egypt. Turk J Gastroenterol 25(6):707\u2013713","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"91_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000829","volume":"56","author":"R Burke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burke R, Jones C, Hosokawa P et al (2018) Influence of nonindex hospital readmission on length of stay and mortality. Med Care 56(1):85\u201390","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"91_CR12","unstructured":"US Tools & Software Page. HCUP. https:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/toolssoftware\/ccs\/ccs.jsp Accessed 7 Feb 2020"},{"key":"91_CR13","unstructured":"Chronic Condition Indicator (CCI) for ICD-10-CM (Beta Version). https:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/toolssoftware\/chronic_icd10\/chronic_icd10.jsp. Accessed 7 Feb 2020"},{"key":"91_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowler B, Rajendiran M, Schroeder T et al (2017) Predicting patient revisits at the University of Virginia health system emergency department. In Systems and Information Engineering Design, SIEDS, IEEE Symposium","DOI":"10.1109\/SIEDS.2017.7937726"},{"issue":"3","key":"91_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-001790","volume":"21","author":"Y Tabak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tabak Y, Sun X, Nunez C et al (2014) Using electronic health record data to develop hospital mortality predictive model: acute laboratory risk of mortality score (alarms). J Am Med Inform Assoc 21(3):455\u2013463","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"91_CR16","unstructured":"Concept: Elixhauser Comorbidity Index. http:\/\/mchpappserv.cpe.umanitoba.ca\/viewConcept.php?printer=Y&conceptID=1436#a_references. Accessed 7 Feb 2020"},{"key":"91_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181f79a8d","volume":"113","author":"DI Sessler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sessler DI, Sigl JC, Manberg PJ, Kelley SD, Schubert A, Chamoun NG (2010) Broadly applicable risk stratification system for predicting duration of hospitalization and mortality. Anesthesiology 113:1026\u20131037","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"91_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00004","volume":"1","author":"A Elixhauser","year":"1998","unstructured":"Elixhauser A, Steiner C, Harris DR et al (1998) Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data. Med Care 1:8\u201327","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"91_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2007.00327.x","volume":"16","author":"MD Fogerty","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fogerty MD, Abumrad NN, Nanney L, Arbogast PG, Poulose B, Barbul A (2008) Risk factors for pressure ulcers in acute care hospitals. Wound Repair Regen 16(1):11\u201318","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"issue":"5","key":"91_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.00175","volume":"38","author":"AS Ash","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ash AS, Posner MA, Speckman J, Franco S, Yacht AC, Bramwell L (2003) Using claims data to examine mortality trends following hospitalization for heart attack in Medicare. Health Serv Res 38(5):1253\u20131262(10)","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"91_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00271-5","volume":"49","author":"W D'Hoore","year":"1996","unstructured":"D'Hoore W, Bouckaert A, Tilquin C (1996) Practical considerations on the use of the Charlson comorbidity index with administrative databases. J Clin Epidemiol 49(12):1429\u20131433","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"91_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2008.01.006","volume":"61","author":"ME Charlson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Charlson ME, Charlson RE, Peterson JC, Marinopoulos SS, Briggs WM, Hollenberg JP (2008) The Charlson comorbidity index is adapted to predict costs of chronic disease in primary care patients. J Clin Epidemiol 61(12):1234\u20131240","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"91_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(95)00564-1","volume":"49","author":"WA Ghali","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ghali WA, Hall RE, Rosen AK, Ash AS, Moskowitz MA (1996) Searching for an improved clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative data. J Clin Epidemiol 49(3):273\u2013278","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"91_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(02)00585-1","volume":"56","author":"V De Groot","year":"2003","unstructured":"De Groot V, Beckerman H, Lankhorst GJ, Bouter LM (2003) How to measure comorbidity: a critical review of available methods. J Clin Epidemiol 56(3):221\u2013229","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"91_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S-1013","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(11)64206-6","volume":"140","author":"D Stewart","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stewart D, Wang L (2011) Hospital costs, length of stay and readmission rates for C. difficile colitis: comparing outcomes between CDC as the principal and secondary admission diagnosis. Gastroenterology 140(5):S-1013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"91_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001840","volume":"42","author":"J Di Capua","year":"2017","unstructured":"Di Capua J, Somani S, Kim J et al (2017) Hospital-acquired conditions in adult spinal deformity surgery: predictors for hospital-acquired conditions and other 30-day postoperative outcomes. SPINE. 42(8):595\u2013602","journal-title":"SPINE."},{"issue":"7","key":"91_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2011.41","volume":"146","author":"L Glance","year":"2011","unstructured":"Glance L, Stone P, Mukamel D et al (2011) Increases in mortality, length of stay, and cost associated with hospital-acquired infections in trauma patients. Arch Surg 146(7):794\u2013801","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"91_CR28","unstructured":"Research brief: Hospital-acquired conditions lead to avoidable cost and excess deaths. Watson Health Perspectives 2019. https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/blogs\/watson-health\/research-brief-hospital-acquired-conditions-lead-to-avoidable-cost-and-excess-deaths\/. Accessed 7 Fe 2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"91_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005256","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.005256","volume":"7","author":"T Lagu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lagu T, Pekow PS, Stefan MS, Shieh MS, Pack QR, Kashef MA, Atreya AR, Valania G, Slawsky MT, Lindenauer PK (2018) Derivation and validation of an in-hospital mortality prediction model suitable for profiling hospital performance in heart failure. J Am Heart Assoc 7(4):e005256","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"91_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.10.004","volume":"64","author":"JJ Gagne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gagne JJ, Glynn RJ, Avorn J, Levin R, Schneeweiss S (2011) A combined comorbidity score predicted mortality in elderly patients better than existing scores. J Clin Epidemiol 64(7):749\u2013759","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"91_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2010.04.017","volume":"52","author":"M-j Chi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chi M-j, Lee C-y, Wu S-c (2011) The prevalence of chronic conditions and medical expenditures of the elderly by chronic condition indicator (CCI). Arch Gerontol Geriatr 52(3):284\u2013289","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"91_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.06.056","volume":"202","author":"A Lekshminarayanan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lekshminarayanan A, Bhatt P, Gandhi V et al (2018) National trends in hospitalization for fever and neutropenia in children with cancer, 2007\u20132014. J Pediatr 202:231\u2013237.e3","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"91_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.04.004","volume":"33","author":"J Black","year":"2017","unstructured":"Black J, Reaven F, Mcgaughey O et al (2017) Medical comorbidity in narcolepsy: findings from the Burden of Narcolepsy Disease (BOND) study. Sleep Med 33:13\u201318","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"91_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakhnini A, Saliba W, Schwartz N et al (2017) The derivation and validation of a simple model for predicting in-hospital mortality of acutely admitted patients to internal medicine wards. Medicine 96(25)","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007284"},{"issue":"12","key":"91_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182266779","volume":"39","author":"LM Brown","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brown LM, Calfee CS, Matthay MA, Brower RG, Thompson BT, Checkley W, National Institutes of Health Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network Investigators (2011) A simple classification model for hospital mortality in patients with acute lung injury managed with lung protective ventilation. Crit Care Med 39(12):2645\u20132651","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"91_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198511000-00019","volume":"13","author":"AP Hallstrom","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hallstrom AP, Cobb LA, Swain M et al (1985) Predictors of hospital mortality after out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 13(11):927\u2013929","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"91_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03013253","volume":"45","author":"AR Claxton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Claxton AR, Wong DT, Chung F, Fehlings MG (1998) Predictors of hospital mortality and mechanical ventilation in patients with cervical spinal cord injury. Can J Anaesth 45(2):144\u2013149","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"91_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R59","DOI":"10.1186\/cc4888","volume":"10","author":"JO Friedrich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Friedrich JO, Wilson G, Chant C (2006) Long-term outcomes and clinical predictors of hospital mortality in very long stay intensive care unit patients: a cohort study. Crit Care 10(2):R59","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"91_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2014.06.015","volume":"29","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Xu X, Ni H, Deng H (2014) Platelet indices are novel predictors of hospital mortality in intensive care unit patients. J Crit Care 29(5):885\u20138e1","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"91_CR40","first-page":"319","volume":"1","author":"M Bhandari","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bhandari M, Koo H, Saunders L, Shaughnessy SG, Dunlop RB, Schemitsch EH (1999) Predictors of hospital mortality following operative management of hip fractures. Int J Surg Investig 1(4):319\u2013326","journal-title":"Int J Surg Investig"}],"container-title":["Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41666-021-00091-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41666-021-00091-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41666-021-00091-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T18:43:32Z","timestamp":1629225812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s41666-021-00091-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["91"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41666-021-00091-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-4971","2509-498X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-4971","type":"print"},{"value":"2509-498X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}